1. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY DR. RAZAQ MASHA,FRCOG Assistant Professor & Consultant Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology

2. Almost every organ system makes a physiological adaptation to pregnancy that is required for optimal pregnancy outcome. An understanding of these adaptations brings insight into the aetiology and management of gestational syndromes, and helps the clinician to advise women with pre-existing chronic illness about the risks and consequences of pregnancy.

3. Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy Cardiovascular – cardiac output increases 50 % Respiratory – oxygen consumption increases 20% Renal – glomerular filtration rate increases 55%

4. Biochemical and endocrine changes alter the normal ranges for many important metabolic and endocrine laboratory tests including: Serum creatinine, urea – both decreased Cholesterol and triglycerides – both increased Liver blood tests – alkaline phosphate increased up to 4 fold Thyroid function tests – free thyroxine and tri- iodo thyronine levels fall, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels rise

5. Awareness of these changes is essential, both for recognition of disease in pregnancy and to prevent inappropriate pursuit of test results that are normal in pregnancy. Long term implications of pregnancy syndromes- conditions such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes are abnormal responses to pregnancy that resolve after delivery, but may result in similar complications e.g. hypertension and diabetes mellitus in later life.

6. Haemotological Changes: DECREASES IN Red cell count Haemoglobin concentration Haematocrit Plasma folate concentration INCREASES IN: White cell count Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Fibrinogen

7. Cardiovascular System Increased loudness of both S1 and S2 Increased splitting of mitral and tricuspid components of S1 95% develop systolic murmur which disappears after delivery 20% have a transient diastolic murmur 10% develop continuous murmurs due to increased mammary blood flow

8. Heart rate increases 10-20% Stroke volume increases 10% Cardiac output increases 30-50% Mean arterial pressure decreases 10% Peripheral resistance decreases 35%

9. The Urinary Tract and Renal Function Blood flow increases 60-75% Glomerular filtration rate increases 50% Clearance of most substances is enhanced Plasma creatinine, urea and urate are reduced Glycosuria is normal

10. Endocrine Glands 1.Pituitary FSH and LH decrease ACTH, Thyrotrophin and melanocyte hormone and prolactin increase Prolactin level increases until the 30 th week, then more slowly to term. 2.Total corticosteroids increase progressively to term. This will increase the tendency of pregnant women to develop abdominal striae, glycosuria and hypertension This will increase the tendency of pregnant women to develop abdominal striae, glycosuria and hypertension

11. 3.Thyroid gland *Enlarges during pregnancy, occasionally to twice its normal size. This is mainly due to colloid deposition caused by a lower plasma level of iodine, consequent on the increased ability of the kidneys to excrete during pregnancy. Oestrogen stimulates increased secretion of thyroxine binding globulin Oestrogen stimulates increased secretion of thyroxine binding globulin Thus T3 and T4 levels rise, though this does not indicate hyperthyroidism Thus T3 and T4 levels rise, though this does not indicate hyperthyroidism

12. Genital Tract Changes 1.Uterus Uterine muscles grow to 15 times the pre-pregnancy length Uterine muscles grow to 15 times the pre-pregnancy length Uterine weight increases from 50 gm before pregnancy to 950 gm at term Uterine weight increases from 50 gm before pregnancy to 950 gm at term By 20 weeks, growth ceases and the uterus expands by distension The uterine blood vessels also undergo hypertrophy and become increasingly coiled in the first half of pregnancy but no further growth after that The lower uterine segment is that part of the lower uterus and upper cervix lying between the line of attachment of the peritoneum of the utero-vesical pouch superiorly and the histological internal os inferiorly.

13. B. The cervix Becomes softer and swollen in pregnancy, with the result that columnar epithelium lining the cervical canal becomes exposed to vaginal secretions. Prostaglandins act on the collagen fibres, especially in the last weeks of pregnancy. At the same time collagenase is released from leucocytes which also helps in breaking down collagen. The cervix becomes softer and more easily dilatable- the so- called ripening of the cervix

14. C. VAGINA The vaginal mucosa becomes thickened, the vaginal muscle undergoes hypertrophy. There is alteration in the composition of the connective tissue, with the result that the vagina dilates more easily to accommodate the fetus during parturition. Oestrogen causes desquamation of the superficial vaginal mucosal cells with increased vaginal discharge – when pathogens (candida, trichomonas) enter the vagina, they flourish rapidly

15. Gastro intestinal changes The mouth and the gum become spongy because of intracellular fluid retention The lower eosophageal sphincter is relaxed which may permit regurgitation of gastric contents and cause heart burn Gastric emptying time is prolonged and food remains longer in the stomach. The intestinal musculature is relaxed with lower motility – resulting in constipation

16. Renal System The smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and ureters relaxes, causing their dilatation. This increases the capacity of the renal pelvis and ureters from 12 ml to 75 ml and increases the risk of urinary infection. Urinary tract infection is more common in pregnancy. The muscles of the internal urethral sphincter relax and this together with the pressure of the uterus increase frequency of micturition and incontinence Clearance of many solutes increases -up to 300 mg of protein may be excreted in 24 hours. Increase in glomerular filtration rate plus progesterone effect causes loss of sodium.

17. Immune System Changes HCG leads to decreased immune response to pregnancy IgG, IgA, and IgM decrease from the 10 thweek of pregnancy reaching their lowest level at 30 weeks and remain so till the end of pregnancy resulting in an increased risk of infection in pregnant women

18. Weight gain in pregnancy The average weight gain in pregnancy is around 12kg, out or which 9 kg is gained in the second half. This gain is from the fetus, placenta, uterus, breast, blood volume, fat deposited and fluid retention.