1. PART 3 LIMITED GOVERNMENT

2. Declaration of Independence Political Spectrum General Welfare

3. PART 5 LIMITED GOVERNMENT Interstate Commerce Necessary and Proper Individual Liberty and State Sovereignty

4. The Declaration of Independence

5. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.- -

6. The Declaration of Independence That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, -

7. The Declaration of Independence That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

8. The Declaration of Independence Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

9. The Declaration of Independence But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

10. The Declaration of Independence Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.

11. The Declaration of Independence The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

12. The Declaration of Independence In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.

13. The Declaration of Independence A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

14. The Declaration of Independence We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;

15. The Declaration of Independence that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.

16. The Declaration of Independence And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

17. The Declaration of Independence 30 of the 56 signers had to make good on their pledge.

18. The Declaration of Independence 30 of the 56 signers had to make good on their pledge.  5 Were Captured, Tortured and Killed  9 More Died from Wounds or Hardship of War  2 Lost Their Sons  2 More Had Sons Captured  12 Had their Homes Looted and Burned

19. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  Imperial Congress Does Whatever it Wants No Regard for State Sovereignty No Regard for Our Liberty No Regard for the United States Constitution

20. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  Imperial Congress Does Whatever it Wants No Regard for State Sovereignty No Regard for Our Liberty No Regard for the United States Constitution  Overreaching Executive Exerts Unprecedented Power

21. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  Imperial Congress Does Whatever it Wants No Regard for State Sovereignty No Regard for Our Liberty No Regard for the United States Constitution  Overreaching Executive Exerts Unprecedented Power  Highest Court Gets it Wrong at Least Half the Time and Decides Many Cases 5 to 4

22. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  Imperial Congress Does Whatever it Wants No Regard for State Sovereignty No Regard for Our Liberty No Regard for the United States Constitution  Overreaching Executive Exerts Unprecedented Power  Highest Court Gets it Wrong at Least Half the Time and Decides Many Cases 5 to 4  Federal Government that Reaches into Every Aspect of our Lives

23. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  We Are Suffering While Evils Are Sufferable

24. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  We Are Suffering While Evils Are Sufferable  A Long Train of Abuses and Usurpations Have Revealed Their Plan to Reduce us Under Absolute Despotism

25. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  We Are Suffering While Evils Are Sufferable  A Long Train of Abuses and Usurpations Have Revealed Their Plan to Reduce us Under Absolute Despotism  We Have Petitioned for Redress in Humble and Peaceful Terms

26. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  We Are Suffering While Evils Are Sufferable  A Long Train of Abuses and Usurpations Have Revealed Their Plan to Reduce us Under Absolute Despotism  We Have Petitioned for Redress in Humble and Peaceful Terms  Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury – insults and mocking

27. The Declaration of Independence SIMILARITIES TO TODAY  We Are Suffering While Evils Are Sufferable  A Long Train of Abuses and Usurpations Have Revealed Their Plan to Reduce us Under Absolute Despotism  We Have Petitioned for Redress in Humble and Peaceful Terms  It is Our Right and Our Duty to Throw This Government Off By Whatever Method Works

28. POLITICAL SPECTRUM

29. What Are All These “isms”?

30. COMMUNISM

31. MARXISM

32. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM

33. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM SOCIALISM

34. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIALISM

35. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM LIBERALISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIALISM

36. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM LIBERALISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIALISM

37. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM LIBERALISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIALISM

38. COMMUNISM FASCISMMARXISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIALISM LIBERALISM

39. COMMUNISM MARXISM FASCISM SOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM

40. COMMUNISM MARXISM FASCISM SOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM STATISM

41. COMMUNISM MARXISMFASCISMSOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM =STATISM

42. COMMUNISM MARXISMFASCISMSOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM =STATISM WORSHIP OF THE STATE

43. COMMUNISM MARXISMFASCISMSOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM =STATISM WORSHIP OF THE STATE “LEGION” What is your name? My name is Legion, for we are many.

44. COMMUNISM MARXISMFASCISMSOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM “LEGION”

45. COMMUNISM MARXISMFASCISMSOCIALISM PROGRESSIVISM LIBERALISM COMMUNISM LIBERALISM “COUSINS” “LEGION”

46. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM [AS TAUGHT IN SOME UNIVERSITIES] COMMUNISTS FASCISTS DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS MODERATES LIBERALCONSERVATIVE MORE INCLINED TO ACCEPT AND PROMOTE CHANGE LESS INCLINED TO ACCEPT AND PROMOTE CHANGE

47. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM Adapted from “The American Form of Govt” TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT

48. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT ANARCHY STATISM -- “LEGION”

49. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT ANARCHY US CONSTITUTION STATISM -- “LEGION”

50. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT ANARCHY US CONSTITUTION STATISM -- “LEGION” RNC

51. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT ANARCHY US CONSTITUTION STATISM -- “LEGION” RNC DNC

52. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM TOTAL GOVERNMENT NO GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT ANARCHY US CONSTITUTION STATISM -- “LEGION” RNC DNC “PROGRESS” AS DEFINED BY PROGRESSIVES

53. THE WISDOM OF THE AGES From the inattention of the people to the concerns of their government, from their carelessness and negligence, I must confess that I do apprehend some danger. I fear that they may place too implicit a confidence in their public servants, and fail properly to scrutinize their conduct; that in this way they may be made the dupes of designing men, and become the instruments of their own undoing. Daniel Webster

54. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?

55. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean?

56. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? We Discussed “More Perfect Union”

57. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? We Discussed “More Perfect Union” We Determined that it Meant a Stronger Union; but still Strictly Limited

58. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? We Discussed “More Perfect Union” We Determined that it Meant a Stronger Union; but still Strictly Limited Now We are going to Discuss Three Phrases that have been Twisted and Abused to Create an Unlimited Govt

59. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? Now We are going to Discuss Three Phrases that have been Twisted and Abused to Create an Unlimited Govt General Welfare

60. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? Now We are going to Discuss Three Phrases that have been Twisted and Abused to Create an Unlimited Govt General Welfare Interstate Commerce

61. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? Now We are going to Discuss Three Phrases that have been Twisted and Abused to Create an Unlimited Govt General Welfare Interstate Commerce, and Necessary and Proper

62. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? What Does It Mean “To Promote the “General Welfare” ?

63. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? What Does It Mean “To Promote the “General Welfare” ? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well- Being of the Member States

64. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well- Being of the Member States How Do We Know?

65. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well- Being of the Member States How Do We Know?  Internal Evidence (The Text of the Constitution)

66. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well- Being of the Member States How Do We Know?  Internal Evidence (The Text of the Constitution)  External Evidence (The Ratifying Documents, Comments of the Writers, Other Underlying Documents)

67. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well- Being of the Member States How Do We Know?  Internal Evidence (The Text of the Constitution) Preamble and 1.8.1

68. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  What Does It Mean?  What Did the Parties Mean for It to Mean? “General Welfare” Means the Equal Well-Being of the Member States How Do We Know?  Internal Evidence (The Text of the Constitution)  External Evidence (The Ratifying Documents, Comments of the Writers, Other Underlying Documents) Articles of Confederation, Articles 3 and 8

69. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  Articles of Confederation -- Article 3  Article III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.

70. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES – ORIGINAL INTENT  With respect to the words general welfare, I have always regarded them as qualified by the detail of powers connected with them. To take them in a literal and unlimited sense would be a metamorphosis of the Constitution into a character which there is a host of proofs was not contemplated by its creators. --James Madison End Part 3