1. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF HEVC AND H.264 DECODER FINAL PRESENTATION SPRING 2014 ADVISOR: Dr. K.R.Rao VASAVEE VIJAYARAGHAVAN 1001037366 vasavee.vijayaraghavan@mavs.uta.edu

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS  Acronyms And Abbreviations  Goal of the Project  Overview Of HEVC  Overview of H.264  Profiles Used For Comparison  Video Resolutions Used For Comparison  Test Sequences  Configuration of HM 14.0 and JM 18.6  Results  References

3. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS  AMVP: Advanced motion vector prediction  AVC: Advanced Video Coding  BD-PSNR: Bjontegaard metric calculation  CB: Coding Block  CIF: Common Intermediate Format  CU: Coding Unit  CTB: Coding Tree Block  CTU: Coding Tree Unit  DCT: Discrete Cosine Transforms

4. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS(contd..)  DST: Discrete Sine Transform  HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding  JCT-VC: Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding  MC: Motion Compensation  ME: Motion Estimation  MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group  MV: Motion Vector  QP: Quantization Parameter  QCIF: Quarter Common Intermediate Format  PSNR: Peak Signal To Noise Ratio  PU: Prediction Unit

5. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS(contd..)  RD: Rate Distortion  SAO: Sample Adaptive Offset  SAD: Sum of Absolute Differences  SATD: Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences (SATD)  SHVC: Scalable HEVC  SSIM: Structural Similarity  SVC: Scalable Video Coding  TU: Transform Unit  URQ: Uniform Reconstruction Quantization  VCEG: Video Coding Experts Group

6. OBJECTIVE  The goal of this project is to compare the performance of the HEVC and H.264 decoders in various profiles, using different sequences and in different resolutions.

7. ABOUT HIGH EFFICIENCY VIDEO CODING (HEVC) [43]  HEVC is the latest video coding standard jointly presented by ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group.  The main advantage of HEVC is that it reduces the bit rate by 50% compared to the existing video coding standards at the same time giving equal perceptual quality.

8. HEVC ENCODER BLOCK DIAGRAM (with decoder elements shaded in grey) [43]

9. MACRO BLOCKS IN HEVC [57]

10. ABOUT H.264

11. H.264 ENCODER AND DECODER BLOCK DIAGRAM [23,24]

12. How does an H.264 codec work ? An H.264 video encoder carries out prediction, transform and encoding processes to produce a compressed H.264 bitstream. An H.264 video decoder carries out the complementary processes of decoding, inverse transform and reconstruction to produce a decoded video sequence.

13. INTRA PREDICTION IN H.264 [23]

14. INTER PREDICTION IN H.264 [23]

15. PROFILES USED FOR COMPARISON  The profiles that will be used for comparison in HEVC will be main and main 10.  The profiles that will be used for H.264 will be high and high 10.

16. VIDEO RESOLUTIONS USED FOR COMPARISON FORMATRESOLUTION CIF352*288 QCIF176*144

17. TEST SEQUENCESBRIDGE- CLOSE_CIF(352*288)

18. TEST SEQUENCES(contd.) BRIDGE-CLOSE_QCIF(176*144) HIGHWAY_CIF(352*288)

19. TEST SEQUENCES(contd.)

20. TEST SEQUENCES(contd..) HIGHWAY_QCIF(176*144)

21. TEST SEQUENCES(contd.) CONTAINER-QCIF.YUV

22. TEST SEQUENCES(contd.) COAST-GUARD-QCIF.YUV

23. CONFIGURATION OF HM 14.0 [61] FILE TO BE MODIFIED- encoder_intra_main.cfg PARAMETERS MODIFIED: F-number of frames to be encoded(10) Fr-frame rate(10) Wdt-width of the video sequence(352 or 176) Hgt-height of the video sequence(288 or 144) Profile-main/main10 SAMPLE COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS FOR HM 14.0 ENCODING: C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release>TAppEncoder.exe –c encoder_intra_main.cfg –i highway_qcif.yuv –f 10 –fr 10 –wdt 176 –hgt 144 –o C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release\Output_Encoded\highway_qcif_main34.bin>>C:\U sers\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release\LogFiles_Encoded\highway_qcif_main.txt DECODING C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release>TAppDecoder.exe -b C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release\Encoded_bin_files\highway_qcif_main34.bin -o C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release\Output_D ecoded\highway_qcif_main34.yuv>>C:\Users\Vasavee\Desktop\HM_14.0\bin\vc10\Win32\Release\LogFiles_Decoded\ highway_qcif_main.txt

24. CONFIGURATION OF JM 18.6 [62] FILE TO BE MODIFIED- encoder.cfg PARAMETERS MODIFIED: FramesToBeEncoded-number of frames to be encoded(10) FrameRate-frame rate(10) SourceWidth-width of the video sequence(352 or 176) SourceHeight-height of the video sequence(288 or 144) ProfileIDC-high(100)/high10(110) SAMPLE COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS FOR JM 18.6 ENCODING: C:\Users\Vasavee\Downloads\jm18.6\JM\bin>lencod.exe -f encoder.cfg -p InputFile="highway_cif.yuv" - p SourceHeight=288 -p SourceWidth=352 -p OutputFile=”encoded_highway.bin” –p ProfileIDC=100>>Log.txt DECODING C:\Users\Vasavee\Downloads\jm18.6\JM\bin>ldecod.exe -i encoded_highway.bin -o output_hughway.yuv>>log.txt

25. RESULTS

30. COMPLEXITY PLOTS MEASURED IN UNITS OF TIME

31. ENCODING TIME COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264 FOR THE SEQUENCE BRIDGE- CLOSE_CIF.YUV

32. ENCODING TIME COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264 FOR THE SEQUENCE COAST- GUARD_QCIF.YUV

33. ENCODING TIME COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264 FOR THE SEQUENCE CONTAINER_QCIF.YUV

34. ENCODING TIME COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264 FOR THE SEQUENCE HIGHWAY_CIF.YUV

35. PSNR PLOTS COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264

36. BRIDGE-CLOSE_CIF

37. COAST-GUARD_QCIF

38. CONTAINER_QCIF

39. HIGHWAY_CIF

40. BIT RATE PLOTS COMPARISON BETWEEN HEVC AND H.264

41. BRIDGE-CLOSE_CIF

42. COAST-GUARD_QCIF

43. CONTAINER_QCIF

44. HIGHWAY_CIF

45. SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION HEVC decoders, that consume low power, have been implemented on hand held devices by few companies. [58], [65], [66] When the same HEVC decoder implemented in HM, is made of low power decoder by modifying few components, then it can be used as low power decoder for handheld and mobile devices. [59]

46. REFERENCES [1] Joint Collaborative Team On Video Coding Information website- http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/16/Pages/video/jctvc.aspx http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/16/Pages/video/jctvc.aspx [2] H.261: Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at px64 kbit/s,” http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.261-199303-I/en” http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.261-199303-I/en [3] H.263: Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, “http://www.itu.int/rec/T- REC-H.263/en” [4] Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About 1.5 Mbit/s- http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000035.shtml http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000035.shtml [5] Coding of Audio-Visual Objects—Part 2: http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000155.shtml http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000155.shtml [6] Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information— Part 2: Video- http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0, ITU-T Rec. H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818- 2 (MPEG 2 Video), ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, Nov. 1994.http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0 [1] Joint Collaborative Team On Video Coding Information website- http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/16/Pages/video/jctvc.aspx http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/16/Pages/video/jctvc.aspx [2] H.261: Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at px64 kbit/s,” http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.261-199303-I/en” http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.261-199303-I/en [3] H.263: Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, “http://www.itu.int/rec/T- REC-H.263/en” [4] Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About 1.5 Mbit/s- http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000035.shtml http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000035.shtml [5] Coding of Audio-Visual Objects—Part 2: http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000155.shtml http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000155.shtml [6] Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information— Part 2: Video- http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0, ITU-T Rec. H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818- 2 (MPEG 2 Video), ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, Nov. 1994.http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0

47. REFERENCES [7] J. Ostermann et al, ” Video coding with H.264/AVC: tools, performance, and complexity”, IEEE Transactions on CSVT, Vol. 14, no.1, pp. 7-28, Aug. 2004 [8] H. Samet, “The quadtree and related hierarchical data structures,” Comput. Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 187–260, Jun. 1984. [9] G. J. Sullivan et al, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard”, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1649- 1668, Dec. 2012. [10] K. Shah, “Time Optimization of HEVC Encoder over X86 Processors using SIMD”, Thesis proposal, http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/Projects/Spring2013/Kushal_Shah/Kushal_Shah_ Proposal.pdfhttp://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/Projects/Spring2013/Kushal_Shah/Kushal_Shah_ Proposal.pdf [11] F. Pescador et al, “On an Implementation of HEVC Video Decoders with DSP Technology”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 121-122, Las Vegas, NV, Jan 2013. [12] CODE: Sequoia Website on HEVC http://codesequoia.wordpress.com/2012/10/28/hevc-ctu-cu-ctb-cb-pb-and-tb/CODE: Sequoia http://codesequoia.wordpress.com/2012/10/28/hevc-ctu-cu-ctb-cb-pb-and-tb/ [7] J. Ostermann et al, ” Video coding with H.264/AVC: tools, performance, and complexity”, IEEE Transactions on CSVT, Vol. 14, no.1, pp. 7-28, Aug. 2004 [8] H. Samet, “The quadtree and related hierarchical data structures,” Comput. Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 187–260, Jun. 1984. [9] G. J. Sullivan et al, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard”, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1649- 1668, Dec. 2012. [10] K. Shah, “Time Optimization of HEVC Encoder over X86 Processors using SIMD”, Thesis proposal, http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/Projects/Spring2013/Kushal_Shah/Kushal_Shah_ Proposal.pdfhttp://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/Projects/Spring2013/Kushal_Shah/Kushal_Shah_ Proposal.pdf [11] F. Pescador et al, “On an Implementation of HEVC Video Decoders with DSP Technology”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 121-122, Las Vegas, NV, Jan 2013. [12] CODE: Sequoia Website on HEVC http://codesequoia.wordpress.com/2012/10/28/hevc-ctu-cu-ctb-cb-pb-and-tb/CODE: Sequoia http://codesequoia.wordpress.com/2012/10/28/hevc-ctu-cu-ctb-cb-pb-and-tb/

48. REFERENCES [13] O. L. Meur, “ Video Compression Beyond H.264”, http://people.irisa.fr/Olivier.Le_Meur/teaching/HEVC_CAV_ESIR3_2 011_2012.pdf, November 7 2011. http://people.irisa.fr/Olivier.Le_Meur/teaching/HEVC_CAV_ESIR3_2 011_2012.pdf [14] Multi-Frame Motion Compensated Prediction from Fraunhofer website- http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/fields-of- competence/image-processing/research-groups/image-video- coding/h264mpeg4-avc/multi-frame-motion-compensated- prediction.html http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/fields-of- competence/image-processing/research-groups/image-video- coding/h264mpeg4-avc/multi-frame-motion-compensated- prediction.html [15] C. Fogg, “Suggested figures for the HEVC specification”, ITU-T / ISO-IEC Document: JCTVC J0292r1, July 2012. [16] H.Zhang et al, “Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for H.264”: http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_se l_pres.pdf http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_se l_pres.pdf [13] O. L. Meur, “ Video Compression Beyond H.264”, http://people.irisa.fr/Olivier.Le_Meur/teaching/HEVC_CAV_ESIR3_2 011_2012.pdf, November 7 2011. http://people.irisa.fr/Olivier.Le_Meur/teaching/HEVC_CAV_ESIR3_2 011_2012.pdf [14] Multi-Frame Motion Compensated Prediction from Fraunhofer website- http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/fields-of- competence/image-processing/research-groups/image-video- coding/h264mpeg4-avc/multi-frame-motion-compensated- prediction.html http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/fields-of- competence/image-processing/research-groups/image-video- coding/h264mpeg4-avc/multi-frame-motion-compensated- prediction.html [15] C. Fogg, “Suggested figures for the HEVC specification”, ITU-T / ISO-IEC Document: JCTVC J0292r1, July 2012. [16] H.Zhang et al, “Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for H.264”: http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_se l_pres.pdf http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_se l_pres.pdf

49. REFERENCES [17] G. Bjontegaard, “Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD Curves”, document VCEG-M33, ITU-T SG 16/Q 6, Austin, TX, Apr. 2001. [18] F. Bossen, “Common test conditions and software reference configurations”, Technical report, JCT-VC, 2012. [19] Multimedia Processing course website. http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/ [20] Texas Instruments Product file. http://downloadt.advantech.com/ProductFile/PIS/DSPC- 8681/Product%20-%20Datasheet/DSPC- 8681_DS20121018134716.pdf http://downloadt.advantech.com/ProductFile/PIS/DSPC- 8681/Product%20-%20Datasheet/DSPC- 8681_DS20121018134716.pdf [21] Video sequences- http://basakoztas.nethttp://basakoztas.net [22] Multimedia Communications with SVC, HEVC, and SHVC- http://r2d2n3po.tistory.com/50Multimedia Communications with SVC, HEVC, and SHVC [17] G. Bjontegaard, “Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD Curves”, document VCEG-M33, ITU-T SG 16/Q 6, Austin, TX, Apr. 2001. [18] F. Bossen, “Common test conditions and software reference configurations”, Technical report, JCT-VC, 2012. [19] Multimedia Processing course website. http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/http://www- ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/ [20] Texas Instruments Product file. http://downloadt.advantech.com/ProductFile/PIS/DSPC- 8681/Product%20-%20Datasheet/DSPC- 8681_DS20121018134716.pdf http://downloadt.advantech.com/ProductFile/PIS/DSPC- 8681/Product%20-%20Datasheet/DSPC- 8681_DS20121018134716.pdf [21] Video sequences- http://basakoztas.nethttp://basakoztas.net [22] Multimedia Communications with SVC, HEVC, and SHVC- http://r2d2n3po.tistory.com/50Multimedia Communications with SVC, HEVC, and SHVC

50. REFERENCES [23] H.264 White Paper by Iain Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/images/uploaded/469323879727520.pdf http://www.vcodex.com/images/uploaded/469323879727520.pdf [24] T. Wiegand et al, “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 560- 576, Jul. 2003. [25] H.264 tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: https://www.vcodex.com/h264.html [26] J. R. Ohm et al, “Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards— Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1669-1684, Dec. 2012. [27] A. Puri et al, “Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard”, Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 19, pp. 793-849, Oct. 2004. [28] Eurasip Journal- http://jes.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/15http://jes.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/15 [29] Vcodex- http://www.vcodex.com/h265.htmlhttp://www.vcodex.com/h265.html [30] HEVC Fraunhofer site containing all the information on HEVC- http://hevc.info/http://hevc.info/ [23] H.264 White Paper by Iain Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/images/uploaded/469323879727520.pdf http://www.vcodex.com/images/uploaded/469323879727520.pdf [24] T. Wiegand et al, “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 560- 576, Jul. 2003. [25] H.264 tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: https://www.vcodex.com/h264.html [26] J. R. Ohm et al, “Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards— Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1669-1684, Dec. 2012. [27] A. Puri et al, “Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard”, Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 19, pp. 793-849, Oct. 2004. [28] Eurasip Journal- http://jes.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/15http://jes.eurasipjournals.com/content/2013/1/15 [29] Vcodex- http://www.vcodex.com/h265.htmlhttp://www.vcodex.com/h265.html [30] HEVC Fraunhofer site containing all the information on HEVC- http://hevc.info/http://hevc.info/

51. REFERENCES [31] Access the website http://www-ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/ and refer to the project by S. Kulkarni on “Transcoding from H.264/AVC to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, University of Texas, Arlington, Spring 2013. [32] Access to HM 14.0 Reference Software: http://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/http://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/ [33] HEVC download link- https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-14.0- dev/doc/software-manual.pdfhttps://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-14.0- dev/doc/software-manual.pdf [34] Visual studio download for students for free- www.dreamspark.comwww.dreamspark.com [35] Tortoise SVN download- http://tortoisesvn.net/downloads.htmlhttp://tortoisesvn.net/downloads.html [36]MPL Website- http://www-ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/index.html [37] Video Sequence Download Link- http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/ [38] K.R.Rao and J.J.Hwang, “Techniques and standards for Image Video and Audio Coding” Prentice Hall, 1996. [39] R.C. Gonzalez and R.E.Woods, “Digital Image Processing”,Pearson, Edition 3,2009 [40] Test Sequences: ftp://ftp.kw.bbc.co.uk/hevc/hm-11.0-anchors/bitstreams/ [41] T.Wiegand et al “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Trans. CSVT, Vol. 13, pp. 560-576, July 2003. [31] Access the website http://www-ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/ and refer to the project by S. Kulkarni on “Transcoding from H.264/AVC to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, University of Texas, Arlington, Spring 2013. [32] Access to HM 14.0 Reference Software: http://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/http://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/ [33] HEVC download link- https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-14.0- dev/doc/software-manual.pdfhttps://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-14.0- dev/doc/software-manual.pdf [34] Visual studio download for students for free- www.dreamspark.comwww.dreamspark.com [35] Tortoise SVN download- http://tortoisesvn.net/downloads.htmlhttp://tortoisesvn.net/downloads.html [36]MPL Website- http://www-ee.uta.edu/Dip/Courses/EE5359/index.html [37] Video Sequence Download Link- http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/ [38] K.R.Rao and J.J.Hwang, “Techniques and standards for Image Video and Audio Coding” Prentice Hall, 1996. [39] R.C. Gonzalez and R.E.Woods, “Digital Image Processing”,Pearson, Edition 3,2009 [40] Test Sequences: ftp://ftp.kw.bbc.co.uk/hevc/hm-11.0-anchors/bitstreams/ [41] T.Wiegand et al “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Trans. CSVT, Vol. 13, pp. 560-576, July 2003.

52. REFERENCES [42] M.A. Isnardi, ” Historical Overview of video compression in consumer electronic devices”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 1-2, Las Vegas, NV, January2007. [43] HEVC tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h265.html [44] K. Iguchi et al, “HEVC Encoder for Super Hi-Vision”, 2014 IEEE International conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), pp. 61-62, 2014 [45] F. Pescador et al, “A DSP HEVC decoder implememtation based on Open HEVC”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 65-66, 2014. [46] G J. Sullivan et al,” Standardized Extensions of HEVC”, IEEE Journal of Selected topics in Signal Processing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.1001-1016, December 2013. [47] K.R. Rao, D.N. Kim and J.J. Hwang, “Video Coding Standards: AVS China, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10, HEVC, VP6, DIRAC and VC-1”, Springer, 2014. [42] M.A. Isnardi, ” Historical Overview of video compression in consumer electronic devices”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 1-2, Las Vegas, NV, January2007. [43] HEVC tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h265.html [44] K. Iguchi et al, “HEVC Encoder for Super Hi-Vision”, 2014 IEEE International conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), pp. 61-62, 2014 [45] F. Pescador et al, “A DSP HEVC decoder implememtation based on Open HEVC”, IEEE ICCE, pp. 65-66, 2014. [46] G J. Sullivan et al,” Standardized Extensions of HEVC”, IEEE Journal of Selected topics in Signal Processing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.1001-1016, December 2013. [47] K.R. Rao, D.N. Kim and J.J. Hwang, “Video Coding Standards: AVS China, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10, HEVC, VP6, DIRAC and VC-1”, Springer, 2014.

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