1. ANCIENT GREECE GARDINER CHAPTER 5-4 PP. 121-125

2. CLASSICAL SCULPTURE  Early Classical sculptors break away from the rigid and unnatural Egyptian-inspired pose of Archaic kouroi

3. KRITIOS BOY  From the Acropolis, Athens, 480BCE, marble, 2’10” high  One of the most important works of Greek sculpture  Originally thought to be sculpted by Kritios  Slight dip to the right hip, showing shifting of weight onto his left leg  Right leg bent -> at ease  Head turns slightly to the right and tilts  CONTRAPPOSTO = counter-balance -> weight shift -> this separates Classical from Archaic Greek statuary

4. RIACE WARRIOR  Warrior from the sea off of Riace, Italy 460-450 BCE  One of a pair of bronze statues -> nearly intact missing only shield, spear and helmet  Masterpiece of hollow casting  Inlaid eyes, silver teeth and eyelashes, copper lips and nipples  Weight shift more pronounced than Kritios Boy -> head turns right, shoulders tilt, hips swing, arms freed from body  NATURAL MOTION IN SPACE

5. HOLLOW-CASTING LIFE-SIZE BRONZE STATUES  Requires great skill  Large statues were hollow-cast by the CIRE PERDUE (LOST-WAX) method  Cast in parts -> head, arms, torso 1. Full-size clay model 2. clay master mold made around model then removed in sections 3. pieces of master mold reassembled 4. layer of bees wax applied to inside of each mold 5. mold removed 6. hollow wax model corrected and detailed 7. final clay model applied to wax mold and interior of wax mold filled with a liquid clay core 8. pins driven in to connect inner core and outer mold 9. Wax melted out and molten bronze poured in its place 10. Outer mold and inner clay core removed 11. Statue pieces soldered together, surface smoothed, inlays added

6. CHARIOTEER OF DELPHI  Bronze statue from Delphi 470 BCE  Originally part of a group representing a team of horse pulling a chariot driven by this charioteer  Dedicated by Polyzalos, a tyrant, who wanted to commemorate a chariot race victory at the games at Delphi  Stands in almost Archaic pose -> but, slightly turned head and separated feet show the Severe Style of Early Classical

7. ARTEMISION ZEUS  Early Classical bronze statue of either Zeus hurling thunderbolt or Poseidon with triton  Found off the coast of Greece at Cape Artemision  460-450 BCE  Both arms boldly extended, right heel raised off the ground

8. MYRON, DISKOBOLOS  Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) by the Early Classical master MYRON  Original bronze is lost -> only Roman marble copies survive  Tree trunk added to copy to support weight of stone  Vigorous action statue -> composed in almost Archaic manner w/profile limbs and nearly frontal chest  In-between motion, mid swing  Expressionless face  Use of negative space

9. POLYKLEITOS’S PRESCRIPTION FOR THE PERFECT STATUE  Greeks believed that beauty resided in harmonious numerical ratios  POLYKLEITOS = mid-5 th century sculptor who defined the heroic form of Classical sculpture -> recorded his principles and the proportions is his lost treatise Canon  Mathematical formula for perfection -> the head should be 1/7 th of the body, etc.

10. POLYKLEITOS, DORYPHOROS (SPEAR BEARER)  Roman marble copy from Pompeii, after a bronze original, 450-440 BCE, 6’11”  Polykleitos’s vision of the ideal statue of a nude male athlete or warrior  Culmination of the evolution of Greek statuary from the Archaic kouros to the Kritios Boy to the Riace warrior  Pronounced contrapposto -> aim was to impose order on human movement -> to make it beautiful and perfect it  System of cross balance for all parts of the body -> alternating tense and relaxed elements of the body -> left arm and right leg are relaxed, right arm and left leg are tensed  Asymmetrical balance -> motion while at rest -> the harmony of opposites = the Polykleitan style