1. Final Meeting TW5-TSW-001 Deliverable 7 SCKCEN, L. OomsCulham, October 23–24, 2006

2. Goals of the study Definition of the material cycle paths Strategy of the closed material cycle: Important benefits: Reduction of waste volume Savings on valuable materials Other aspects: Technical feasibility Material availibility Energy demand and Economical aspects Environmental issues and public opinion

3. Materials and their properties ComponentBlanketHTSLTSVVTF COILDiv. strucDiv. TilesTotal Eurofer1.74E+061.27E+067.02E+05----3.71E+06 316SS---7.09E+06-1.23E+06-8.32E+06 Others----4.48E+07-- W5.45E+04-----1.68E+052.23E+05 LiPb6.19E+06------ WC--4.57E+06---- B---1.85E+05--- He1.66E+061.27E+06---1.23E+06-4.16E+06 H2OH2O--1.76E+064.27E+06---6.03E+06 Total9.64E+062.55E+067.02E+061.16E+074.48E+072.46E+061.68E+057.82E+07 Materials used in the PPCS Model AB and their weights (kg) 2.5 years 5 years Life time

4. Materials and their properties ComponentBlanketHTSLTSVVTF COILDivertor Eurofer18.0%50.0%10.0%--- 316SS---61.4%-46.8% Others----100.0%- W0.6%----6.4% LiPb64.2%----- WC--65.0%--- B---1.6%-- He17.2%50.0%---46.8% H2OH2O--25.0%37.0%-- Percentage of material in each component 2.5 years 5 years Life time

5. Materials and their properties Refractory materials: W & WC Breeder material: 17Li-83Pb Coolants: He & H 2 0 Structural materials: Special metal: Eurofer Stainless steel 316SS Other materials: Boron: boronizing the VV Materials of the coils

6. Materials and their properties Refractory materials: W & WC Coating technologies: Vacuum/Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Chemical/Physical Vapour Disposition Roll cladding W-coatings on Graphitic substrates Joining technologies: Brazing Electron Beam Welding Diffusion bonding/Hot Isostatic Pressing Active metal casting Non destructive analysis: Radiography Ultrasonic Thermography Hot Helium leak tests

7. Materials and their properties Refractory materials: W & WC Recycling: Melting point: 3370°C => excluded Separation of W and base material by melting Obtaining W powder is the goal for recycling: Oxidation of W metal at 700°-800°C => volatile W-oxides (to be trapped and collected in filters). Disadvantages: high temperature + O2 = explosion risks, very slow processus Chemical dissolvement => very resistant material only a mixture of concentrated HF and HNO 3 would have results Crushing/grinding of Tungsten to powder => T is one of the hardest products (nearby diamond) and therefore hard to employ

8. Materials and their properties Fabrication process of Tungsten

9. Materials and their properties Structural materials Melting is an option for these materials since this is the basic step in their fabrication. Stainless steel 316SSEurofer But necessary? Other less drastic processes e.g. annealing, for repair of the irradiation damage (embrittlement, formation of He…)

10. Breeder material: 17Li-83Pb => not regarded Coolants: He & H 2 0 => no tendency to activate, but watch out for impurities and erosion of the cooling tubes! Therefore filtration or chemical purification will be necessary. Other materials => not regarded : Boron Materials of the coils Materials and their properties

11. Dose rate of the materials component5 years10 years50 years100 years TF Coil1.1E-055.8E-061.2E-079.1E-08 VV0.1730.0885.0E-041.8E-05 LTS2.51.30.0115.3E-04 HTS13.67.00.042.3E-04 blanket manifold16.28.10.0423.3E-04 blanket breeder 10.70.30.0054.0E-04 blanket breeder 26.70.880.0150.003 blanket FW158.814.80.0370.001 blanket armour9.04.20.0440.007 divertor45.119.90.10.001 divertor tiles7.33.50.0300.003 Clearance (CI < 1?) hands on recycling Shielded recycling Remote handling Dose rate (Sv/h) 2.5 years 5 years Life time

12. The dose rate of the materials remains an important parameter in the recycling strategy. For life time components, one can apply deferred recycling (decay can be a solution to apply (conditional) clearance on these materials) e.g. TF-coil, Vacuum Vessel, LTS In Vessel components demand a remote handling system, therefore immediate recycling (after interim storage) should be applied. Conclusions/ideas for discussion

13. Stainless steel and Eurofer can be melted, but maybe a less drastic processes can be applied for reuse of materials The feasibility to recycle Refractory materials (W and WC) is still to be studied, although some options are noted. Coolants: He & H20 => watch out for impurities and erosion of the cooling tubes! LiPb: re-utilisation is described in a paper (R. Pampin) Conclusions/ideas for discussion Material treatment

14. Report: Categorisation based on Material recycling paths TW5-TSW-001 D7 Draft in edit, final report end of November 2006

15. Final Meeting TW5-TSW-001 Deliverable 8a SCKCEN, L. OomsCulham, October 23–24, 2006 Definition of the R&D needs

16. R&D needs Different areas Component handling Design for Recycling Material properties

17. R&D needs Component handling Hot cell environment Shielded environment Hands on environment Interim storage Internal contamination hazards

18. R&D needs Design for Recycling Maximum recuperation of structural materials Mechanical attachment techniques Specification on impurities

19. R&D needs Material properties Recycling possibilities of the “exotic” materials to be studied in detail; e.g. LiPb, W, WC, Be Separation methods for components based on design. Build up of activation products when reuse is applied Others Removal of T in all necessary processes Waste fabrication during recycling, first estimate

20. Report: Definition of the R&D needs TW5-TSW-001 D8 Draft in edit, final report end of december 2006