1. The Growth of Cities and American Culture In the last half of the nineteenth century, the U.S. population increased more than threefold, from 23.2 million in 1850 to 76.2 million in 1900.

2. Immigration Why? Why? 1.) Poverty of displaced farm workers in Europe 1.) Poverty of displaced farm workers in Europe 2.)Overcrowding and joblessness in Europe 2.)Overcrowding and joblessness in Europe 3.) Religious persecution in Europe (Jews in Russia) 3.) Religious persecution in Europe (Jews in Russia) 4.) U.S. reputation for freedom/opportunity (land out west and jobs in the industrial cities) 4.) U.S. reputation for freedom/opportunity (land out west and jobs in the industrial cities) 5.) Inexpensive passage 5.) Inexpensive passage

3. “Old” Immigration Through the 1880s, the majority of immigrants came from northern and western Europe Through the 1880s, the majority of immigrants came from northern and western Europe British Isles, Germany and Scandinavia British Isles, Germany and Scandinavia Mostly Protestants and Irish Catholics Mostly Protestants and Irish Catholics High level of literacy and occupational skills made it easy for them to blend into American society High level of literacy and occupational skills made it easy for them to blend into American society

4. “New” Immigration 1890s-1914 1890s-1914 Southern and eastern Europe Southern and eastern Europe Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles and Russians Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles and Russians Poor and mostly illiterate Poor and mostly illiterate Largely Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox and Jewish Largely Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox and Jewish NYC and Chicago NYC and Chicago 25% were young men working unskilled jobs 25% were young men working unskilled jobs

5. Statue of Liberty Erected in 1886 Erected in 1886 French sculptor Frederic- Auguste Bartholdi French sculptor Frederic- Auguste Bartholdi Ellis Island opens in 1892 Ellis Island opens in 1892 New arrivals must pass more rigorous medical and document examinations and pay an entry tax before entering the United States New arrivals must pass more rigorous medical and document examinations and pay an entry tax before entering the United States

6. Ellis Island 1892-1954

7. Restricting Immigration Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Many American groups supported restrictions: labor unions, nativists, and social Darwinists (who felt citizens of English and German stock were superior to others) Many American groups supported restrictions: labor unions, nativists, and social Darwinists (who felt citizens of English and German stock were superior to others) By 1900, roughly 15% of Americans were immigrants By 1900, roughly 15% of Americans were immigrants

8. Urbanization Cities provide a supply of labor and a principal market for factory made goods Cities provide a supply of labor and a principal market for factory made goods By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in towns or cities, by 1920, for the first time, more Americans live in urban than rural communities By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in towns or cities, by 1920, for the first time, more Americans live in urban than rural communities Between 1897 and 1930, nearly 1 million southern blacks settled in northern/western cities Between 1897 and 1930, nearly 1 million southern blacks settled in northern/western cities

9. Urbanization Horse drawn streetcars for commuting Horse drawn streetcars for commuting Eventually cable cars, electric trolleys, elevated railroads and subways provide transportation Eventually cable cars, electric trolleys, elevated railroads and subways provide transportation Brooklyn Bridge – 1883 Brooklyn Bridge – 1883 Neighborhoods became segregated by income Neighborhoods became segregated by income

10. Urbanization Little Italy - NYC Skyscrapers Skyscrapers Distinct ethnic neighborhoods – affluent citizens move out of business districts, poor move in Distinct ethnic neighborhoods – affluent citizens move out of business districts, poor move in Slums and tenements were overcrowded Slums and tenements were overcrowded Sanitation problems – disease (cholera and tuberculosis) Sanitation problems – disease (cholera and tuberculosis) “ghettos” “ghettos”

11. Tenements - NYC

12. Residential suburbs In Europe the wealthiest people live in the business districts In Europe the wealthiest people live in the business districts In America, we have tended to move outward, away from the business districts In America, we have tended to move outward, away from the business districts WHY? WHY? 1,) Available land 1,) Available land 2.) Transportation 2.) Transportation 3.) Ethnic and racial prejudice 3.) Ethnic and racial prejudice 4.) Want of landscape, and privacy 4.) Want of landscape, and privacy

13. Awakening of Reform Middle class movement inspired by poverty of working class families Middle class movement inspired by poverty of working class families Settlement houses taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, and established neighborhood theatres and music schools Settlement houses taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, and established neighborhood theatres and music schools Hull House in Chicago was started by Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago was started by Jane Addams

14. Social Gospel In 1880s and 1890s, Protestant clergymen preached the Social Gospel In 1880s and 1890s, Protestant clergymen preached the Social Gospel Or the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems Or the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems Organized religion should take up the cause of social justice Organized religion should take up the cause of social justice Middle class Protestants are encouraged to attack urban problems Middle class Protestants are encouraged to attack urban problems

15. Temperance Movement Urban reformers, especially women advocated total abstinence of alcohol Urban reformers, especially women advocated total abstinence of alcohol Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) forms in 1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) forms in 1874 Antisaloon League forms in 1893 Antisaloon League forms in 1893 Carry A. Nation of Kansas raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet Carry A. Nation of Kansas raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet

16. Temperance Movement

17. Families and Women Reduction in family size Reduction in family size Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony created the National American Women’s Suffrage Association ((NAWSA) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony created the National American Women’s Suffrage Association ((NAWSA) WY was first state to grant full suffrage to women in 1869 WY was first state to grant full suffrage to women in 1869 By 1900, some states allowed women to vote in local elections and to own property after marriage By 1900, some states allowed women to vote in local elections and to own property after marriage

18. Education 3 R’s 3 R’s McGuffey readers McGuffey readers Laws increased, that required children in schools Laws increased, that required children in schools Literacy rate rose Literacy rate rose Number of colleges grew Number of colleges grew Johns Hopkins, Smith, Mount Holyoke, University of Chicago Johns Hopkins, Smith, Mount Holyoke, University of Chicago More admit women More admit women

19. Music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rc Jazz is introduced to the American public Jazz is introduced to the American public New Orleans – Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden New Orleans – Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden African rhythms and western-style instruments African rhythms and western-style instruments Mixed improvisation Mixed improvisation Scott Joplin sells 1 million copies of “Maple Leaf Rag” (1899) Scott Joplin sells 1 million copies of “Maple Leaf Rag” (1899) Ragtime and blues Ragtime and blues Memphis, St. Louis, KC, and Chicago Memphis, St. Louis, KC, and Chicago

20. Spectator Sports Basketball invented in 1891 (Springfield, MA) Basketball invented in 1891 (Springfield, MA) Football – First intercollegiate game was Rutgers v. Princeton in 1869 Football – First intercollegiate game was Rutgers v. Princeton in 1869 Boxing Boxing President Howard Taft throws out first pitch in 1909 President Howard Taft throws out first pitch in 1909 Mostly male spectators, upper and lower classes Mostly male spectators, upper and lower classes Severe discrimination Severe discrimination

21. Amusements Growth of leisure activities Growth of leisure activities Saloons were most popular form of recreation Saloons were most popular form of recreation Variety of acts (vaudeville) Variety of acts (vaudeville) Circus : “Greatest Show on Earth” Barnum & Bailey Circus : “Greatest Show on Earth” Barnum & Bailey Wild West show of Buffalo Bill Wild West show of Buffalo Bill

22. Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright – prairie houses, in harmony with nature Frank Lloyd Wright – prairie houses, in harmony with nature Frederick Law Olmstead – Central Park, Highland Park and Genesee Valley Park in Rochester Frederick Law Olmstead – Central Park, Highland Park and Genesee Valley Park in Rochester