1. Other models

2. A Practical Framework External Influences political context evidence links Campaigning, Lobbying Politics and Policymaking Media, Advocacy, Networking Research, learning & thinking Scientific information exchange & validation Policy analysis, & research

3. What you need to know The external environment: Who are the key actors? What is their agenda? How do they influence the political context? The political context: Is there political interest in change? Is there room for manoeuvre? How do they perceive the problem? The evidence: Is it there? Is it relevant? Is it practically useful? Are the concepts familiar or new? Does it need re- packaging? Links: Who are the key individuals? Are there existing networks to use? How best to transfer the information? The media? Campaigns?

4. What researchers need to do What researchers need to know What researchers need to do How to do it Political Context: Evidence Links Who are the policymakers? Is there demand for ideas? What is the policy process? What is the current theory? What are the narratives? How divergent is it? Who are the stakeholders? What networks exist? Who are the connectors, mavens and salesmen? Get to know the policymakers. Identify friends and foes. Prepare for policy opportunities. Look out for policy windows. Work with them – seek commissions Strategic opportunism – prepare for known events + resources for others Establish credibility Provide practical solutions Establish legitimacy. Present clear options Use familiar narratives. Build a reputation Action-research Pilot projects to generate legitimacy Good communication Get to know the others Work through existing networks. Build coalitions. Build new policy networks. Build partnerships. Identify key networkers, mavens and salesmen. Use informal contacts

5. Paravets in Kenya 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment collapse. ­Paravet projects emerge. ­ITDG projects. ­Privatisation. ­ITDG Paravet network. ­Rapid spread in North. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ­Still not approved / passed!

6. Paravets in Kenya - Political Context 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment collapse of services. ­Paravet projects emerge. ­ITDG projects. ­Privatisation. ­ITDG Paravet network. ­Rapid spread in North. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ­Still not approved / passed! ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment ­Privatisation ­ITDG Paravet network and change of DVS. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies.

7. Paravets in Kenya - Research 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment collapse of services. ­Paravet projects emerge. ­ITDG projects. ­Privatisation. ­ITDG Paravet network. ­Rapid spread in North. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ­Still not approved / passed! ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment ­Privatisation ­ITDG Paravet network and change of DVS. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ITDG projects – collaborative action research. The Hubl StudyInternational Research

8. 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment collapse of services. ­Paravet projects emerge. ­ITDG projects. ­Privatisation. ­ITDG Paravet network. ­Rapid spread in North. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ­Still not approved / passed! ­Professionalisation of Public Services. ­Structural Adjustment ­Privatisation ­ITDG Paravet network and change of DVS. ­KVB letter (January 1998). ­Multistakeholder WSs new policies. ITDG projects – collaborative action research. International ResearchThe Hubl Study Dr Kajume Paravets in Kenya - Links

9. Political stagnation, professional protectionism Practical evidence invisible to policy makers Powerful individuals, professional interests Bad timing - ITDG missed the boat – twice! A Tipping Point New champions Collaborative policy-research Paravets in Kenya - Lessons

10. What should ITDG have done? Learned more about the political context Involved more policy makers earlier Collected more empirical data & used it better Seized the chance in 1989 Involved non-livestock policy makers Controlled the club Looked for champions Involved bilaterals and multilaterals

11. When and how to use it Historical analysis of a policy event –Identify the event –Elaborate the history – critical events, key people –Review context, evidence and links at key moments –Identify & prioritise the influences Current analysis & strategic planning –Identify key players –Workshop the issues & develop a strategy for maximising impact

12. A current example to maximise impact of DFID forest/ground water research project in India Researchers, policy makers and activists Used framework to analyse factors in water sector in India Developed strategy for final phase: –Less research –More communication –Developing champions in regional and national government –Local, Regional & National advocacy campaign

13. Policy entrepreneurs Storytellers Engineers Networkers Fixers

14. >44 = Low Policy Entrepreneur Scores <23 = V.High <30 = High Herman Joseph Kraft37302954 Vijay Kanapathy18324654 Hach Sok28384044 Prof Ragayah Hj Mat Zin40263648 Average

15. Ashley Parashram45253545 Bernard Lawer Tetteh-Dumanya36273750 Dan Start26344347 David Redhouse39363936 Enrique Mendizabal40293744 Gerry Power39353541 Harinder Janjua22384347 Karen Iles41374032 Lydia Richardson39363936 Marta Foresti42303840 Michael Majale36363741 Mike Albu41323245 Monica Blagescu38373540 Patrick Watt31414137 Richard Graham37263748 Average37333842 >44 = Low Policy Entrepreneurs in UK <23 = V.High <30 = High

16. Any Questions?