1. Which processes shape grapevine moth immune response against parasitism? Plastic or selective response Fanny Vogelweith, Denis Thiéry, Yannick Moret & Jérôme Moreau 15th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships

2. Tritrophic interactions Trophic levels Secondary consummers Natural ennemies Primary produceurs Plants Primary consummers Phytophagous Interdependences Community regulation ≠ rate of parasitism Moreau et al. 2010 – Biological control  Hypotheses?

3. Intimacy of the relationships between pests and natural enemies Plant composition Immune system Natural ennemiesPhytophagous insect Host plant Bukovinsky et al. 2009 Resistance

4. Haemocyte Insect larval Haemolymph Quinones + Cytotoxic compounds Melanin Egg of parasitoid PAMP PRP P PO Antimicrobial peptides Constitutive and induced defenses Insect immune system Tyrosine

5. Genetic Variation of insect immune system Environment Cotter et al. 2004 Nutrition (Siva-Jothy & Thompson 2002 Schmid-Hempel 2003) Density (Barnes & Siva- Jothy 2000)

6. What we already know… Grape variety effect on : Vogelweith et al. 2011. Functional Ecology Moreau et al. 2010. Biological Control Relationship between immunity and parasitism Immune parameters Parasitism Vogelweith et al. 2013. Naturwissenschaften

7. ρ = 0.71 p < 0.0001 -201234 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 CB TK CC DGF VI OE MER DB PR CBS CBG Parasitism Larval immune system Naïves larvae Relationship between parasitism and immunity

8. Plastic response Larval immune system Parasitism -201234 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 How to explain this relationship

9. Plastic response Rearing larvae at L4 Immune measures P PO 6 days Presence or Absence Parasitoïd 2 parasitoïd species tested C. capitator & P. nigrina

10. Absence of parasitoïd Plastic response Campoplex capitator Phytomyptera nigrina P PO a a a a a a a aa

11. Plastic response Are the larvae able to detect parasitoids? a a a a a a b b a a b b Dead larvaeAlive larvaeChrysalis 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Individual proportion +/- C. I. 95% AbsC.c.P.n. L.c. AbsC.c.P.n. L.c. AbsC.c.P.n. L.c. Vogelweith et al. 2013. Plos One

12. Synthetic value of immune system Parasitism -201234 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Conclusion Larvae detect parasitoïds But no effect on immune parameters Plastic response Selective response Plastic response Vogelweith et al. 2013 – Plos One

13. Selective response Average parasitism : recording of 9 populations between 2008 and 2012 Immune parameters measures on naïve larvae in 2012

14. 051015202530 Mean rate of parasitism 20 30 40 50 60 70 PO (x10 3 miliunité/min) 6 8 10 12 14 16 Total-PO ( x10 3 miliunité/min) 051015202530 Mean rate of parasitism ρ = 0.62 ; p = 0.07; I.C. 95% = [-0.10; 0.90] ρ = 0.65; p = 0.05 ; I.C. 95% = [-0.03; 0.98] Selective response ρ = 0.72; P = 0.03; I.C. 95% = [0.03; 0.94] PO P

15. Conclusion 1 st year 2 nd year 3 rd year

16. Synthetic value of immune system Parasitism -201234 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Conclusion Positive relationship between parasitism & larval immunity Plastic response Selective response

17. Acknowledgments A. Balourdet Ingenieer D. Thiéry Researcher Y. Moret Researcher J.P. Troussard Ingenieer M.-L. Felix Trainee J. Moreau Lecturer E. Desvignes Trainee S. Motreuil Ingenieer

18. Thank you for your attention

19. Conclusion Parasitoïds Grape varieties Larvae - Immunity - In lab and in vineyards Immunity modulation by ≠ selective pressure

20. PO-PPO activities Haemocyte concentration Immune measures Induced defense Antimicrobial activiy Constitutive defenses

21. Haemocyte concentration Grape varieties Haemocyte concentration (x10 3 haemocytes/µL)

22. Antimicrobial activity gwpgpn pgpnrg se cfcsmpgy y mrpny mrpn army cigr gy Grape varieties 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of individual with an antimicrobial activity CBTKCCDGFVIMEROEDBPRCBGCBS a ab b a b ac b abc ALSACEAQUITAINEBOCHAMPAGNEPACA RHONE ALPES 23265322827185769161223312510827133026282215

23. Parasitism Grape varieties

24. Relationship between parasitism and immunity Haemocytes PO-PPO activities Antimicrobial activity P PO P P P P -201234 Synthetic value of immune system

25. Parasitism -201234 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Synthetic value of immune system Relationship between parasitism and immunity

26. Involvement of immune system in tritrophic interactions 1 st year 2 nd year

27. Sampling in natural populations May 2011 Vogelweith et al. 2013. Naturwissenschaften