1. Water, Sanitation and Culture 1 Stefanie Kaiser, seecon international gmbh

2. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Contents 1. Introduction 2. Water and Culture 3. (Sustainable) Sanitation and Culture 4. Religions 5. Gender: The Role of Women 6. Conclusion 7. References 3

4. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Importance of cultural context to water and sanitation  Technical concepts imported to another region without considering the cultural context have too often caused failure. 1. Introduction Source: WSP (2010)

5. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Culture is a decisive factor in water and sanitation projects 5 1. Introduction Cultural values Traditional practices Local beliefs Gender Generational differences Taboos C U L T U R E Adapted from SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) and WARNER et al. (2008)

6. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Cultural context as an enabling factor or counteracting force Understand the counteracting forces by assessing cultural backgrounds of the users to: Raise ownership Increase potential of success Mitigate risks Diminish failure (e.g. systems are not used; sabotage; vandalised)  Consider the counteracting forces and enabling factors by showing cultural competence throughout a participatory planning and process cycle of projects.  This is even more evident when promoting treatment of excreta for further use, as claimed by sustainable sanitation and IWRM concepts. 6 1. Introduction Adapted from SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) and WARNER et al. (2008)

7. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Definition of culture Culture is a system of shared values, beliefs, behaviour and symbols that the members of society groups use to interact with their social surrounding. 7 2. Water and Culture Values Beliefs Symbols Behaviour C U L T U R E Adapted from SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) and WARNER et al. (2008)

8. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Nautilus shell: different layers of cultural phenomena 8 2. Water and Culture Nautilus shell symbolising different layers of cultural phenomena Source: SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) Values, norms and beliefs form the core of any culture.  Express feelings and affections e.g. towards what is dirty / clean. beliefs, values traditions, rituals, practices symbols, artefacts

9. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Nautilus shell: different layers of cultural phenomena 9 2. Water and Culture Nautilus shell symbolising different layers of cultural phenomena Source: SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) Values, norms and beliefs form the core of any culture. Traditions, rituals and practices characterise a culture. beliefs, values traditions, rituals, practices symbols, artefacts

10. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info symbols, artefacts Nautilus shell: different layers of cultural phenomena 10 2. Water and Culture Nautilus shell symbolising different layers of cultural phenomena Source: SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) Values, norms and beliefs form the core of any culture. Traditions, rituals and practices characterise a culture. Symbols and artefacts like expressions, stories, gestures or pictures are expressions of culture.  Valuable to convey messages about water and sanitation in education. beliefs, values traditions, rituals, practices

11. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info symbols, artefacts Nautilus shell: different layers of cultural phenomena 11 2. Water and Culture Nautilus shell symbolising different layers of cultural phenomena Source: SCHELWALD & REIJERKERK (2009) Values, norms and beliefs form the core of any culture. Traditions, rituals and practices characterise a culture. Symbols and artefacts like expressions, stories, gestures or pictures are expressions of culture.  Moreover, culture becomes manifest in framework issues (e.g. legal or institutional settings). beliefs, values traditions, rituals, practices

12. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Despite an instinctive repulsion towards excreta, our culture influences our attitudes toward sanitation systems and handling of excreta. WARNER et al. (2008) By establishing closed-loop sanitation systems and their economical and environmental benefits, a change towards reducing cultural stigmatisation of faeces is possible too. HEEB & GNANAKAN (2008) Different attitudes of cultures toward sanitation and handling of excreta 12 3. (Sustainable) Sanitation and Culture Source: www.behavioradvisor.com/Motivation.htmlwww.behavioradvisor.com/Motivation.html [Accessed 1.10.2012] Source: http://free-extras.com/images/smile-1620.htmhttp://free-extras.com/images/smile-1620.htm [Accessed 1.10.2012]

13. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Religions vary considerably in addressing excreta Koran: Strict procedures to limit contact with faecal material. Bible: Not mentioned a lot. Hindu: Specifies the use of water for personal hygiene. Buddhism: Earthly resources are treated in an integral dimension like Buddhism’s rein-carnation. 13 4. Religions Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion [Accessed 1.10.2012] Adapted from JENSSEN et al. (2004)

14. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Differences between women and men The most observable divides between women and men, especially in developing countries, are in water, sanitation and hygiene. The provision of hygiene and sanitation are often considered women’s tasks. But women’s concerns are rarely addressed appropriately due to societal or cultural barriers. SuSanA (2009) 14 5. Gender: The Role of Women Source: WSP (2012)

15. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info Cultural competence is crucial for successful and sustainable implementation of projects 15 6. Conclusion Research Implementing Design Monitoring Planning Cultural competence = respect the cultural context: Religious and non-religious beliefs and values Traditional practices Gender Generational differences

16. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info FALKENMARK, M. (2005): Towards Hydrosolidarity: Ample Opportunities for human ingenuity. Fifteen-Year Message from the Stockholm Water Symposia, in co-operation with the Symposium Scientific Programme Committee Stockholm International Water Institute. Stockholm: SIWI. URL: http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Reports/ Report_Towards_hydrosolidarity_2005.pdfReport_Towards_hydrosolidarity_2005.pdf [Accessed: 20.04.2010]. GNANAKAN, K. (2008): M4: Management: Planning, Implementation and Operation. Social and Cultural Aspects of Eco- Sanitation. A closer look at the Indian context. In: HEEB, J.; JENSSEN, P.; GNANAKAN; CONRADIN, K. (2008): Ecosan Curriculum 2.3. Switzerland, India and Norway. URL: http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/ reference_attachments/GNANAKAN%202008%20Social%20and%20Cultural%20Aspects%20of%20EcoSanitation_0.pdf reference_attachments/GNANAKAN%202008%20Social%20and%20Cultural%20Aspects%20of%20EcoSanitation_0.pdf [Accessed: 1.10.2012]. HEEB, J.; GNANAKAN, K. (2008): Source Separation. New toilets for Indian slums. Project paper. URL: http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-235-heeb-case-study-bangalore-en.pdf [Accessed: 08.04.2011]. http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-235-heeb-case-study-bangalore-en.pdf JENSSEN, P.D.; HEEB, J.; HUBA-MANG, E.; GANAKAN, K.; WARNER, W.; REFSGAARD, K.; STENSTROEM, T.A.; GUTERSTRAM, B.; ALSEN, K.W. (2004): Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater. Ecosan. A Thinkpiece on ecological sanitation. Norway: The Agricultural University of Norway. URL: http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/ medisin/inthealth/INTHE4000/h07/undervisningsmateriale/Water%20and%20Health%20article.pdfmedisin/inthealth/INTHE4000/h07/undervisningsmateriale/Water%20and%20Health%20article.pdf [Accessed: 19.04.2010]. SCHELWALD-VAN DER KLEY, L.; REIJERKERK, L. (2009): Water: A Way of Life. Sustainable Water Management in a Cultural Context. Leiden: CRC Press. SUSANA (Editor) (2009): SuSanA Factsheet: Integrating a Gender Perspective in Sustainable Sanitation. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Working Group on Gender. URL: http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/ reference_attachments/SUSANA%202009%20Integrating%20a%20Gender%20Perspective%20in%20Sustainable%20Sanitatio n.pdf reference_attachments/SUSANA%202009%20Integrating%20a%20Gender%20Perspective%20in%20Sustainable%20Sanitatio n.pdf [Accessed: 1.10.2012]. 16 7. References

17. Water, Sanitation and Culture Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.www.sswm.info WARNER, W.; HEEB, J.; JENSSEN, P. ; GNANAKAN, K.; CONRADIN, K. (2008): M4-2: Socio-Cultural Aspects of Ecological Sanitation. PDF-Presentation. Aarau: seecon. URL: http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/ WARNER%20et%20al%202008%20Socio%20Cultural%20Aspects.pdfWARNER%20et%20al%202008%20Socio%20Cultural%20Aspects.pdf [Accessed: 30.05.2011]. WIJK-SIJBESMA, C. van (1998): Gender In Water Resource Management Supply and Sanitation. Roles and Realities Revisited. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC). URL: http://www.irc.nl/page/1893 [Accessed: 30.03.2010].http://www.irc.nl/page/1893 WSP (Editor) (2000): WSP Water Calendar. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. URL: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/about/http://www.wsp.org/wsp/about/ Cartoon%20Calendars/2010%20CalendarCartoon%20Calendars/2010%20Calendar [Accessed: 20.07.2010]. WSP (Editor) (2012): WSP Water Calendar. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. URL: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/ content/2012-cartoon-calendar [Accessed: 1.10.2012].http://www.wsp.org/wsp/ content/2012-cartoon-calendar 17 7. References

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