1. Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization Democracy Wall (1978) – Movement for increase in civil rights and liberties. – Deng Xiaoping shut it down. Tiananmen Square (1989) – Initially student protests – Spread throughout country – Crushed by PLA

2. Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization Charter 08 (2008) – 60 th Anniv. Of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. – Liu Xiaobo (Nobel Prize Winner) jailed along with others.

3. Local People’s Congress & Village Elections Independent candidates allowed. Are elections “free and fair?” CCP must confirm candidates. CCP controls election committee. CCP sets election laws. Problems faced by independent candidates?

4. “China from the Inside: Village Elections” If the CCP is not “infatuated with democracy,” why do they allow elections in the villages? Will successful local elections increase or decrease the demand for larger democratic reform?

5. Google in China “Don’t Be Evil” -- Google’s motto Agreed to self-censorship in order to operate in China. “While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission.” --Google senior policy counsel Andrew McLaughlin

6. Google.cn Head of Government Relations fired for giving gifts of iPods to Chinese officials. “Google Suggest” suggested links the Communist Party found offensive. China hacked Google’s system. – Gmail accounts of dissidents and activists Google ended self-censorship Google.cn now just a referral page to Google.hk

7. Religion in China Atheism (official state position) Majority Buddhism (From India)8-15% ChristianityAbout 2% Islam1-2% Taoism (Native to China)Less than 1% Various other folk religions

8. Religion in China Technically protected by Constitution 5 state-sanctioned “patriotic religious associations...” Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, & Protestantism – Strictly monitored and regulated Catholics cannot profess loyalty to the Vatican Religious can only proselytize in registered places Tibetan Buddhists cannot venerate the Dalai Lama. Other religious groups are outlawed.

9. Questions for “The Rise of Tao” Give examples of how the Chinese government closely regulates religious life. Overall, does the Chinese government seem to be cracking down or loosening restrictions on religion? – Give examples.

10. Falun Gong Founded in 1992 Physical and Spiritual Well-Being 1999: Demonstration in Tiananmen Square – Attended by 10,000 Outlawed as an “evil cult.” Practitioners were jailed, beaten, and killed in police custody.

11. Social Cleavages Urban and Rural URBAN690.8 million51.3% (United States=82%) RURAL656.6 million48.7% (United States=18%) China’s National Bureau of Statistics, April 2011

12. Urban Households Rural Households SIGNIFICANT INCOME INEQUALITY

13. Hukou System System of registering people by household & region. – Registered by city, town, or village Used by Mao to keep poor farmers out of cities. Perpetuates urban-rural division Rural migrants living in cities cannot receive: – Subsidized housing, public education past elementary, public medical insurance, or welfare payments.

14. Social Cleavages Rich and Poor GINI Coefficient Index: Measures amount of income inequality in a country. 0=perfect equality1=total inequality

15. GINI Coefficient Index Norway.26 United Kingdom.36 Russia.40 United States.41 Iran.43 Nigeria.44 Mexico.46 China.47 UN Human Development Report, 2008 GINI Coefficient Index Measures amount of income inequality in a country.

16. “The End of the Chinese Dream” “It’s not simply income equality that bothers people.” “Inequality of privilege” Guanxi “My father is Li Gang.”

17. Geographical Cleavage West & East Ethel Wood. AP Comparative Government and Politics. 4 th Edition (Wood Yard Publications, Pennsylvania, 2009.

18. 6% 8% 10% 17% 8% 4% 11% 27% 8%

19. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_map_folio/txu-oclc-588534-54932-10-67-map.jpg

20. The People of China Han Chinese91% 55 recognized minority groups9% – Tibetans – Uighurs – Mongolians

21. TIBET Since 13 th Century: periods of Chinese rule 1911-1949: China withdrew 1950: Mao reasserted control 1959: Dalai Lama fled 1965: Tibetan Autonomous Region – Part of China – Theoretically has greater self-control 2008: series of riots – Year of the Beijing Olympics

22. Uighurs Muslims of Turkish descent Autonomous Region of Xinjiang

23. Uighurs Victims of discrimination 2009 Riots: Protest the death of 2 factory workers (turned violent) – Uighurs targeted Hans. 197 killed.

24. Mongolians Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia 2011 protests Mongolian herder run over by Han coal truck driver.

25. China’s Policies in Autonomous Regions Crackdown on religious rights (especially Tibet and Xinjiang) Shutdown access to information Arrests and show of force– large security presence Death penalty for Han driver (Mongolians) Closed-circuit cameras Large-scale financial investment – Economic development zones More welfare– housing, schooling (Tibet & Mongolia) Flood regions with ethnic Hans – Intermarriage with Hans – Hans given preferable jobs and economic opportunities Emphasize Chinese– not minority– culture Exemption from one-child policy (Mongolians) Driven from grasslands (Mongolians) – Against traditional culture

26. One-Child Policy (1980) 1950: 500,000 million 1980:Almost 1 billion Extra Child? – Pay a fine (varies; but usually at least=annual income). Punishment for not paying fine. – No hukou for child. – Loss of job; property destroyed Enforced by Family Planning Officials Lax enforcement in countryside – Mongolians allowed 2

27. Issues Accompanying Policy

29. Population Pyramids

30. Hong Kong “One Country, Two Systems” Formerly a British colony 1997: Special Administrative region of China High degree of autonomy – HK Constitution: Democratic Process Beijing has some veto power Service-based economy – Corporate and banking center – Separate currency

31. Taiwan 1949: Nationalists (KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek fled to island China claims sovereignty over Taiwan No separate seat at UN Strong economy: computer technology

32. Taiwan Tensions with China Efforts at formal independence. U.S. supplies weapons to Taiwan. Chinese missiles pointed at Taiwan. Easing Tensions with China 2009: Leaders exchanged messages. 2010: Trade Pact