1. BY SONAM LHANZIN, SANJANA SHARMA, SOHAIL BAATH, NIRANJAN BENNET
SETTLEMENTS
BY SONAM LHANZIN, SANJANA SHARMA, SOHAIL BAATH, NIRANJAN BENNET

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Rough Explanation on Settlements Rural settlements
Physical Factors That Influence Sites & Patterns of Rural Settlements
Size, Growth and Function of Rural & Urban Settlements
Hierarchy of settlements & services
Internal Structure Of Town & Cities
Patterns of Urban Structure of Developing and Devolved countries
Changes in Urban Land use
Effects Of Urbanization on Settlements

3. WHAT IS SETTLEMENTS?
A settlement is a place where people live. A settlement may be as small as a single house in a remote area or as a large as a mega city (a city with over 10 million residents). A settlement may be permanent or temporary. An example of a temporary settlement is a refugee camp. The reason a settlement was developed or built can be thought of as its function. For example, the settlement of Southampton is a port.

4. PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
The description of the term 'rural' varies from place to place. Rural areas change over time. These changes are caused by:
economic factors - tourism income, farming profitability, primary sector jobs
environmental factors - land use, pollution, conservation
social factors - population change and migration, leisure time, retirement population

5. Dispersed Settlements
A dispersed settlement refers to the scattering of housing over a large number of area. Occur in Rural areas, develop in hilly areas, flatlands and rolling plains.

6. Linear Settlements
A Linear settlement pattern refers to the grouping of housing along the rivers. Tend to follow roads, railway and coasts. Found in Rural & Urban Areas.

7. Nucleated Settlements
A Nucleated Housing refers to the grouping of houses together around the center of the place; CBD. Developed on road intersections, focal points of an area or junction of river

8. Vocabulary – Key Terms Used
Rural settlement : outskirts or away from cities : lacks certain services : main activities are agriculture or dairy activities.
Urban settlement : More densely populated area and a commercial area which offers a variety of services : more developed with better facilities.
Site : Characteristics of certain places.
Situation :Location of a place according to its surroundings : play role in development.

9. Physical Factors That Influence Rural Settlements

10. What are those physical factors?
Water Supply
Relief
Soils
Shelter
Wait.. But how do these help influence the rural pattern?

11. Water is essential for human survival and agricultural activities.
Water Supply
Water is essential for human survival and agricultural activities.

12. Relief
The availability of broad flat land such as floodplains promote agricultural activities.

13. Soil
Fertility of soils also another considerations for agricultural activities

14. Shelter
Shelter from natural elements. Windswept highland with harsh cold climate are conducive for settlement.

15. Defense
Threat from enemies and predatory animals drove people to live together for protection

16. Vocabulary – Key Terms Used
Morphology : The study of different settlements Refugees : People forces to migrate from their home countries and cannot return due to fear of prosecution. IDP : Internally displaces people caused by natural disasters , war , fear of prosecution , etc. Land use : different ways of utilizing a settlement

17. SIZE, GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF RURAL & URBAN SETTLEMENTS

18. Factors that influence size, growth & functions
Urban
Rural
Function- Commercial, Trade, Manufacture & Residential
Growth- Lack of employment in rural areas causes people to move to cities, economically, better quality of life & better medical conditions
Size- Urbanization causes the expansion of the urban area from the fringes of the city towards the countryside.
Function- Fishing, Mining & Farming
Growth- Environmentally friendly, unlike urban, less populated, more land & healthier life.
Size- Agriculture
& Urbanization makes the rural area to shrink in size

19. Key Term Guessing Game
Each Team will get 15 seconds to tell the answer. It should be the direct word, not a related or half word of the answer. The winning team gets a Cadbury Dairy Milk Silk.
What is Hierarchy?
Prioritizing a settlement according to its shape – size , etc.

20. HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS & SERVICES
In the higher level of the hierarchy, they will have a bigger population and more services.
There will be more small settlements and fewer large settlements.
The smaller settlements are rural and the bigger settlements are urban. Smaller settlements have only low order services, which are services that are used often such as general stores that sell convenience goods. Urban settlements have low and high order services, and more of them.
Higher order services would be more specialized, such as electronics stores or a plastic surgeon.

21. HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS & SERVICES
Hamlets and villages are more agricultural. They need room for growing crops so they are spread out.
These places have a lower population which is scattered causing them to use lower order services.
As more people tend to come into a location, the density increases and causes an opportunity for more higher order services.
An area can maintain only a few large cities because to create a capital city will take a long time and the economy has to be high for it to be created.
Without a lot of villages and hamlets, there is will not be a need for a regional center. The size of a settlement builds as more people come and then more services are needed.

22. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF TOWN & CITIES

23. The Burgees Model
The inner most layer is called the CBD. After that factories and industries . Working class housing and middle class housing, this is known as the transition zone.

24. The Hoyt Model
In this model, CBD is still located in the middle. What's also similar is that the higher class residents tend to live further away from the industries and lower class residents live near the industrial zone

25. A closer review The Hoyt Model
The Burgees Model
Surrounding CBD will be factories and industries. Surrounding that will be working class houses. After that comes the middle class houses. And after that, comes the commuter zone or the high class houses. In this model the further from the center of the city you go, the more you will see flora and fauna because plants and animals will not be likely to live in the industrial areas. As you go inward to the middle of the city (to the CBD), the land value goes higher. The lower class people live more near factories because it’s easier and cheaper for them to travel to their workplace and their houses will be smaller, unlike the higher class people who will have bigger houses and do not have to worry about travelling expenses to the CBD.
The Hoyt Model
The Hoyt model is similar to the Burgess model. The CBD is still in the center and it still has a circular form but there are some sectors of different land use that radiate from the CBD.

26. Vocabulary – Key Terms Used
Urbanization is the increase in population of urban areas and the development of rural areas
The development of sub urban areas located near urban areas : happens due to a better standard of living : the settlement is more spread out. This is known as Sub urbanization
What is the spreading of urban areas on underdeveloped places : more in MEDC”S? Urban Sprawl
Rural – Urban fringe : Edge of urban and rural area : basically an areal where the two areas are divided from

27. PATTERNS OF URBAN STRUCTURE OF DEVELOPING AND DEVOLVED COUNTRIES

28. Urban Structures: Developed & Developing countries
A study has revealed two main important facts:
Developed and Developing countries show different trends according the shares of different sizes of settlements of their national urban populations.
In more developed, and more technically advanced countries, the share of small-size settlements of total urban population is increasing, while the share of large settlements is decreasing. This is while developing countries show a counter pattern of sharply declining share of smaller cities and increasing share of large ones.
For small-size settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants, that house more than 50% of total urban population in 2010, their share of the total urban population is sharply declining in both less and least developed countries while almost unchanged in more developed countries share in least developed countries has declined from 76% in 1975 to 55% in 2010.

29. CHANGES IN URBAN LAND USE
As the land expands (Urban) through Urbanization, the expanded land is used to add in many more facilities in the city.
Industries
Shopping & Marketing
Trade Area
Agricultural
Residential – Higher Class

30. Case Study : Dubai

31. Problems Associated With Cities

32. Cities attract a lot more residence by providing better services but it requires funding, therefore a higher tax is required.
Since, The center node; CBD is densely populated there can be a shortage of housing.
Individual cars driving up towards CBD for working can cause traffic congestion. Lack of Car-pooling.

33. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON SETTLEMENTS

34. Shortage of Housing
Cheaper Residential Life
Lack of Security
Competition for Job Opportunities
Growth of economy within the city
Competition for resources
Overpopulation

35. VOCABULARY – KEY TERM USED
Brain Drain is the large scale emigration of talented and educated people : common in LEDC’s
Intervening Obstacles are events or factors that discourage people from migrating
Laws limiting the people who can immigrate in a year are known as Quotas
Who are the Foreigners working in a different country temporarily , send money from one country to another to their families? Guest Workers

36. Answers

37. Thank You! Review Project : Settlements
By Sanjana, Sonam, Niranjan & Sohail
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