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Regents Biology 2006-2007 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?
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Regents Biology 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements of Life
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Regents Biology Molecules of Life Put C, H, N, O, P, S together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches Proteins(muscle) fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA
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Regents Biology Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP
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Regents Biology Water 65% of your body is H 2 O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids Don’t forget water
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 How do we make these molecules? We build them!
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Regents Biology Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers
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Regents Biology Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules
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Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –
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Regents Biology How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP
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Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP
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Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose
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Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
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Regents Biology Carbohydrates
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Regents Biology Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars
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Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch
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Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two
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Regents Biology Building carbohydrates Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!
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Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many
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Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme
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Regents Biology Carbohydrates
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Regents Biology Proteins
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Regents Biology Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions
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Regents Biology collagen (skin) Proteins insulin Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin
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Regents Biology Proteins Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O variable group amino acids 20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words
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Regents Biology pepsin For proteins: SHAPE matters! collagen Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs hemoglobin growth hormone
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Regents Biology It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) folded unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters!
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Regents Biology Proteins
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Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids: Fats & Oils
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Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female)
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Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids Function: energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber!
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Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Saturated fats Most animal fats solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries
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Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet
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Regents Biology Lipids
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Regents Biology Nucleic Acids Examples DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA RiboNucleic Acid RNA
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Regents Biology DNA Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA RNA proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation proteins
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Regents Biology Nucleic acids Building block = nucleotides 5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!
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Regents Biology Nucleic Acids
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