1. Direct Relationships

2. Relationships When a certain quantity (say temperature) has an effect on another quantity (say the volume of a gas), there is a relationship between the two quantities.

3. Direct Relationships In a direct relationship, as one quantity is increased it causes a second quantity to increase by the the same factor. Also, as the first quantity is decreased, it causes the second quantity to decrease by the same factor. An example of this is the effect of temperature on a gas’ volume

4. By The Same Factor – Its Meaning Doubling the absolute temperature (degrees Kelvin) doubles the volume. Reducing the absolute temperature (degrees Kelvin) by one third reduces the volume by one third. 1V T doubled 2V 1V T down 1/3 V down 1/3

5. Effect of Temperature on Gas Volume A gas’ volume is directly related to its absolute temperature (Also known as Charles’ Law).

6. Direct Relation Data and Graph Note that the graph of a direct relation is a straight line that passes through the origin (0,0). Absolute Temp (K) Gas Volume (L) 1002 2004 3006 4008

7. Direct Relation Constants Note that for each data pair, if the gas volume is divided by the absolute temperature (2/100 or 4/200 or 6/300 etc), the same number is constantly produced (.02). This number (.02) is called a constant. If the absolute temperature is divided by the gas volume, a second constant (50) is produced which a reciprocal of the first. A reciprocal of x = 1/x. Note 1/50 =.02 Absolute Temp (K) Gas Volume (L) 1002 2004 3006 4008

8. The Slope of a Direct Relation Graph The slope of a direct relation graph is the constant obtained by dividing the y axis quantity by the x axis quantity. In this example, the slope = vol.(L)/deg.(K) = Δy/Δx = 2/100 or 4/200 =.02 Absolute Temp (K) Gas Volume (L) 1002 2004 3006 4008

9. The Mathematical Equation For A Direct Relation The slope intercept equation for a line is y = mx +b (m is slope and b is the y intercept). This becomes y = mx if the line has a y intercept of zero. Thus the line above has an equation that is y =.02 x Since y is volume (V) and x is temperature (T), the equation is best written as V =.02 T Absolute Temp (K) Gas Volume (L) 1002 2004 3006 4008

10. The Utility (Usefulness) of a Mathematical Equation Once the mathematical equation for a direct relation is known, any value not measured experimentally can be calculated. In the above example V =.02 T, so the volume at T = 250 (not in the data chart) should be V =.02 (250) = 5 L and the temperature that gives a volume of 1 L should be 1 =.02 T which becomes 1/.02 = T = 50 Kelvin The equation allows any value not measured to be calculated Absolute Temp (K) Gas Volume (L) 1002 2004 3006 4008

11. Interpolation and Extrapolation Calculating a value between two data points is called interpolation (green dot) Calculating a value outside of the data points is called extrapolation (red dots) Interpolation is relatively safe since it is between known data points Extrapolation is risky since the pattern could change (it hasn’t been measured) at either end of the measured points.

12. Inverse or Indirect Relationship In an inverse relationship as one quantity is increased a second quantity is decreased by the same factor. As an example, if the pressure on a gas is doubled (2 times), the volume of the gas will be decreased by one half (1/2 times). If the pressure on a gas is reduced by 1/3, the gas volume will increase by 3 times. One quantity goes opposite to the other by the same factor.

13. The Effect of Pressure on Gas Volume The volume of a gas is inversely related to the pressure applied to the gas (Also known as Boyle’s Law).

14. Indirect Relationship Data and Graph In an inverse reltionship, as one quantity goes up, the other goes down by the same factor. The graph of an inverse relation is a curve called a rectangular hyperbola. Pressure (KPa) Volume (L) 1008 2004 3002.667 4002 5001.6

15. The Indirect Relationship Constant In inverse relationships if one quantity of a data pair is multiplied times the other quantity, a constant is obtained. Note that 100*8 = 800, 200*4 = 800, 300*2.667 = 800 etc. Pressure (KPa) Volume (L) 1008 2004 3002.667 4002 5001.6

16. The Mathematical Equation for an Indirect Relation Since every pair of P(pressure) and V (volume) multiplies to a constant, 800 in this example, P*V = 800. From this it follows that P = 800/V or V = 800/P. With this formula it is possible to calculate and value of P given a V value or any V given some P value. Pressure (KPa) Volume (L) 1008 2004 3002.667 4002 5001.6

17. Another Way to Obtain The Mathematical Equation for an Indirect Relation If the reciprocals of the volume data are plotted against the pressures, a direct relation is produced. Using the mathematical form, y = mx, the equation of the reciprocal graph is 1/V =.00125 P (The slope is.00125 and y is 1/V). This simplifies into 800/V = P by dividing both sides by.00125 Pressure (KPa) Volume (L) Volume Reciprocal s 10080.125 20040.25 3002.6670.374953 40020.5 5001.60.625

18. Charles’ and Boyle’s Laws Charles’ Law states that the volume of a gas is directly related to the absolute temperature. Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely related to the pressure applied. Charles Boyle 1780 1662

19. Fitting Data to a Mathematical Equation Use a graphics calculator or computer to change the y values so that the changed y values graphed against the x values produces a straight line (Use trial and error – the inverse operation [operation undoing what the original operation did] to the original relation produces a straight line). In this example, the square root produces a st. line since the original relation was a squared relation. Note that inverse operation has a different meaning from inverse relation. Time (s) Distance (m) Roots of Distance 000 14.92.213594 219.64.427189 344.16.640783 478.48.854377 5122.511.06797

20. Fitting Data to a Mathematical Equation From the straight line graph and the mathematical pattern, y = mx, the equation for the data must be √d = 2.213594 t since y is √d, x is t and the slope is 2.213594. By squaring both sides the equation becomes d = 4.9t 2. Thus the mathematical equation for the data is d = 4.9t 2. Time (s) Distance (m) Roots of Distance 000 14.92.213594 219.64.427189 344.16.640783 478.48.854377 5122.511.06797

21. Line of Best Fit (Trend Line or Regression Line) Most data collected do not perfectly fit a straight line due to experimental error (lack of accuracy of the measurement device or the person taking the measurements). In this case the relationship is approximated by a line selected to have approximately equal numbers of data points on opposite sides. This line is called a line of best fit, trend line (in excel) or regression line (Logger Pro). This line is used to establish the mathematical equation for the data.

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