1. The feeding and feedback of massive protostars Michael D Smith et al. CAPS University of Kent September 2012

2. ●2●2 Talk outline The Model: Scenarios, Mechanisms and Stages ● Scheme construction ● Feeding: clump to envelope to disc to star+jets ● Evolutionary Model (abrupt, gradual, episodal, eruptive) ● Feedback predictions ● Global predictions

3. The Revolution ● Rapid conception - turbulence ephemeral clouds ● The Birth: abrupt Class 0 high accretion ● Powerful jets: strong extraction ● Form in clusters in giant clouds spatial distribution ● Brown dwarfs and planets mass distribution ● Starbursts global evolution ● Primordial stars: early re-ionisation z=20 stars Turbulence, Gravity, Feedback, Regulation, Interaction, Triggering: COMPLEX SYSTEM

4. ● Michael D. Smith - Accretion Discs ●4●4 Star & Planet Building ● Discs evolve: massive to light ● Accretion rate determined by envelope ● No single development (numerical + observed) ● MSN is irrelevant: far exceeded in Class 0/I stages ● Star and planets form out of the same disc ● Turbulence, Gravity, Feedback, Regulation, Interaction, Triggering: COMPLEX SYSTEM

5. Red X Radio sources (VLA) Blue <> millimetre cores Yellow + sub-millimetre cores Green Optical HH shocks Light blue Infrared sources Contours H 2 molecules Image H(alpha) / S[II] ● The Confusion

6. Motivation Dedication to massive stars How? How do the observable phenomena/components correlate? Is there a systematic evolution? Tracks? Why? What processes and physics are implied?

7. Specific Motivations Where does the angular momentum end up? Are jets a necessity? Why don’t clusters overheat? When can jets occur along with HII regions? Is the accretion hot/cold/outbursting?

8. ● mass conservation ● prescribed accretion rate ● bifurcation coefficient ● jet speed ~ escape speed The Unification Scheme: Construction ● Clump Envelope Accretion Disc Protostars ● Bipolar Outflow Jets ● Evolution: ● systematic and simultaneous Protostar L(Bolometric) Jet L(Shock) Outflow Momentum (Thrust) Clump/Envelope Mass Class Temperature Disk Infrared excess

9. The Unification Scheme: Construction ● Clump Envelope Accretion Disc Protostar ● Bipolar Outflow Jets ● Lyman Flux ● thermal radio jets ● H 2 shocks

10. ● 10 The protostar rigin ofStellar radius as mass accumulates: hot

11. ● 11 The protostar rigin ofStellar radius as mass accumulates: cold

12. ● 12 The protostar Origin Luminosity as mass accumulates

13. Origin Luminosity as clump mass declines ● 13 The clump mass

14. Origin Luminosity as clump mass declines ● 14 The clump mass Orig Accelerated accretion Power Law deceleration

15. Origin Herschel cores + model temperture ● 15 The clump mass

16. Origin Distance ● 16 The Jet Speed: hot Orig

17. Origin Distance ● 17 The Jet Speed: cold Orig

18. Origin Distance Distance-immune evolution ● 18 The Lyman Flux Orig Accelerated accretion

19. Origin Distance Distance-immune evolution ● 19 The Lyman Flux Orig Power Law deceleration

20. 20% Discount Code F1ASTROJET

21. ● X-Axia: Luminosity ● Y-Axis: Jet Power ● Tracks/Arrows: the scheme ● Diagonal line: ● Class 0/I border ● Data: ISO FIR + NIR (Stanke) ● Above: Class 0 ● Under: Class 1 Protostellar Tracks

22. ● Michael D. Smith - Accretion Discs ● 22 Disc evolution ● Column density as function of radius and time: (r,t) ● Assume accretion rate from envelope ● Assume entire star (+ jets) is supplied through disc ● Angular momentum transport: ● - turbulent viscosity: `alpha’ prescription ● - tidal torques: Toomre Q parameterisation ● Class 0 stage: very abrupt evolution?? Test…… ● …to create a One Solar Mass star

23. ● Michael D. Smith - Accretion Discs ● 23 The envelope-disc connection; slow inflow ● Peak accretion at 100,000 yr ● Acc rate 3.5 x 10 -6 Msun/yr ● Viscosity alpha = 0.1 ● 50,000 yr: blue ● 500,000 yr: green ● 2,000,000 yr: red

24. ● Michael D. Smith - Accretion Discs ● 24 The envelope-disc connection; slow inflow; low alpha ● Peak accretion at 200,000 yr ● Acc rate 3.5 x 10 -6 Msun/yr ● Viscosity alpha = 0.01 ● 50,000 yr: blue ● 500,000 yr: green ● 2,000,000 yr: red