1. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants 1.The engine, motor, and related parts a.Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object b.Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input 2.Electricity generating station a.Typically what is referred to by “power plant” b.Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources Types of Power Plants

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants 1.Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies 2.Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations Why Study Power Plants?

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer 2.Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air 3.Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric 4.External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine 5.Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace 6.Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat Terminology

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion 1)Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons 2)Mills – grinding 3)Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill 4)al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel 5)1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery

5. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines and Uses 1.External Combustion (EC) Engines: Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations 2.Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: 1)Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes 2)Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts 3)Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery 3.Gas Turbine Engines: Power plants and airplanes

6. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

7. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine a.Steam 1)Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids 2)Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water Types of Engines – E.C.E.

8. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (continued) b.History 1)75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician Presented plans for simple steam engine 2)1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker 3)1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines 4)1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design Types of Engines – E.C.E.

9. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont.) b.History (cont.) 5)1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer Modern steam engine credited to Watt 6)1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders. Types of Engines – E.C.E.

10. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) c.Steam Locomotive 1)1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts 2)1804 – steam-powered engine 3)1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines d.Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible Types of Engines – E.C.E.

11. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – PISTON Types of Engines – E.C.E. 1)High pressure steam enters 2)HP steam pushes piston 3)Valve rod shifts 4)HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction 5)Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust: Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo

12. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – PISTON Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Exhaust Coal Exhaust

13. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – BOILER Types of Engines – E.C.E. 1)Coal burned in furnace 2)Hot gasses boil water 3)Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack Fire-tube Boiler (past) Water-tube Boiler (modern)

14. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) d.Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE 1)Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible. 2)Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below). Types of Engines – E.C.E.

15. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

17. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…

18. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines 1.Steam Engine (cont) Types of Engines – E.C.E. Explain what you see…