1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Marine mammals Rawanturky

2. Dougendugeng Rawan turky

3. Classification and general characteres Family: Dugongidae Genus: Dugong species: Dugong dugong The dugong, Dugong dugong, 1776, sea cow, ranges in length from 2.4-4 m in length. Sexual dimorphism is either absent or females may slightly outsize males and can weigh over 270 kg. Dugongs are born a pale cream color, but they darken with age to a deep slate gray dorsally and laterally. Short hair is sparsely distributed over the body, save the bristles on the muzzle. The skin is thick, tough and smooth. Rawan turky

4. The front-limbs have evolved into flippers that are 35-45 cm long. These are used for propulsion by young, but the adults use the fluke-like tail for locomotion, using the flippers for steering. The muscular upper lip is cleft and protrudes over the down turned mouth. The premaxilla is enlarged and downturned, the nasal bones are absent, the braincase is small and the zygomatic arch is thick and deep. The bones of the skeleton are pachyostotic (extremely thickened and dense).

5. hapitat Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, dugong are found discontinuously in coastal waters of east Africa from the Red Sea to northernmost South Africa, northeastern India, along the Malay peninsula, around the northern coast of Australia to New Guinea and many of the island groups of the South Pacific. The dugong's range was much greater in the past. Dugongs inhabit shallow, tropical marine coastal water mainly confined to sea grass beds, which occur in calm and shallow coastal areas, such as embayment and lagoons. Dugongs and are more strictly marine than manatees, they seldom enter rivers. Rawan turky

6. feeding Dugongs feed on the phanerogamous (sea grasses of the families Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Also reported to occasionally eat algae, and crabs have also been found in the stomachs of dugongs. Despite its diet, the dugong has a relatively simple stomach. The lower lip and distal parts of the palate (roof of the mouth) have horny pads used to grasp vegetation, which is then uprooted with the strong upper lip. Dugongs have 10-14 teeth in adults. The molars are rootless, circular in cross-section and lack enamel, males have long, tusklike incisor teeth. Rawanturky

7. Breeding season Breeding occurs throughout the year and peak months for birth vary geographically. The exact length of gestation is unknown, but it is presumed to be about 1 year. Single calves are the norm and twins are rare. Parturition (the birth process) takes place in shallow water and newborn calves are able to swim immediately to the surface for their first breath of air. Newborn calves are about 100-120 cm long and weigh 20-35 kg. Young may remain with the mother for a year. Rawan turky

8. Tursiopstruncatus rawan turky

9. Classification and general characteres Order: Cetacea Family:Delphinidae Genus:Tursiopstruncatus Bottlenose dolphins are the best known dolphins. They are gray, varying from dark gray at the top near the dorsal fin to very light gray and almost white at the underside. This countershading makes it hard to see, both from above and below, when swimming. Their elongated upper and lower jaws form what is called a rostrum, or beak-like snout, which gives the animal its common name, the Bottlenose Dolphin. The real, functional nose is the blowhole on top of its head the nasal septum is visible when the blowhole is open. Bottlenose dolphin head, showing rostrum and blowhole Rawan turky

10. Adults range in length between 2 and 4 metres (6.6 and 13 ft), and in weight between 150 and 650 kilograms (330 and 1,400 lb) with males being on average slightly longer and considerably heavier than females. In most parts of the world the adult's length is about 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) with weight ranges between 200 and 300 kilograms (440 and 660 lb). Newborn bottlenose dolphins are between 0.8 and 1.4 meters long and weigh between 9 and 30 kilograms, with Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin infants generally smaller than Common Bottlenose Dolphin infants.

11. Rawan turky The size of a bottlenose dolphin varies considerably with habitat. Except for those in the eastern Pacific dolphins in warmer, shallower waters tend to be smaller than those in cooler pelagic waters. A survey of animals in the Moray Firth in Scotland, the world's second northernmost resident dolphin population, recorded an average adult length of just under 4 metres (13 ft) compared with a 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) average in a population off the coast of Florida. Those in colder waters also have more body fat and blood more suited to deeper diving. Bottlenose dolphins typically have 18%-20% of their bodyweight made up of blubber. Most research in this area has been restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, where researchers have identified two ecotypes

12. feeding Tuna are among the bottlenose dolphin's preferred foods The bottlenose dolphin's diet consists mainly of small fish and squid. Although the diet varies by location, certain preferences are shared among many population. Such preferences include fish from the mullet family, the tuna and mackerel family, and the drum and croaker family. Its cone-like teeth serve to grasp but not to chew food. When a shoal of fish is found dolphins work as a team to keep the fish close together and move them towards the shore in order to maximize the harvest. They also search for fish alone, often bottom dwelling species. The bottlenose dolphin sometimes uses a strategy called "fish whacking", in which a fish is stunned and sometimes thrown out of the water with the fluke to make it easier to catch and eat Rawan turky

13. senses The dolphin's search for food is aided by a form of echolocation similar to sonar: they locate objects by producing sounds and listening for the echo. A broadband burst pulse of clicking sounds is emitted in a focused beam in front of the dolphin. To hear the returning echo they have two small ear openings behind the eyes but most sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear through the lower jaw. As the object of interest is approached the echo grows louder, and the dolphins adjust by decreasing the intensity of the emitted sounds. (This is in contrast to the technique used by bat echolocation and artificial sonar where the sensitivity of the sound receptor is attenuated.) As the animal approaches the target the interclick interval also decreases, as each click is usually produced after the round-trip travel time of the previous click is completed. Rawan turky

14. Dolphins also have sharp eyesight. The eyes are located at the sides of the head and have a tapetumlucidum, or reflecting membrane at the back of the retina, which aids vision in dim light. Their horseshoe-shaped double-slit pupil enables the dolphin to have good vision both in air and underwater, despite the different densities of these media. When underwater the eyeball's lens serves to focus light, whereas in the in-air environment the typically bright light serves to contract the specialized pupil Rawan turky

15. By contrast their sense of smell is poor, as would be expected since the blowhole, the analogue to the nose, is closed in the underwater environment, and opens only voluntarily for breathing. The olfactory nerves as well as the olfactory lobe in the brain are missing.] Bottlenose dolphins are able to detect salty, sweet, bitter (quinine sulphate), and sour (citric acid) tastes, but this has not been well-studied. Anecdotally, some animals in captivity have been noted to have preferences for food fish types although it is not clear that this preference is mediated by taste. Rawan turky

16. Bottlenose dolphins communicate with one another through squeaks, whistles, and body language. Examples of body language include leaping out of the water, snapping jaws, slapping tails on the surface of the water, and butting heads with one another. All of these gestures are a way for the dolphins to convey messages. The sounds and gestures that bottlenose dolphins produce help keep track of other dolphins in the group and alert other dolphins to possible dangers and nearby food. They produce sounds using six air sacs near their blow hole Rawan turky

17. Respiration The bottlenose dolphin has a single blowhole located on the dorsal surface of the head consisting of a hole and a muscular flap. The flap is closed during muscle relaxation and opens during contraction. A bottlenose dolphin can store almost twice as much oxygen in proportion to its body weight as a human can. The dolphin can store 36 millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body weight, compared with 20 millilitres per kilogram for humans Rawan turky

18. Reproductive The male has a slit on the underside of its body into which the penis retracts and is concealed. The female has one genital slit, housing the vagina and the anus. A mammary slit is positioned on either side of the female's genital slit The average gestation period is 12 months. Births can occur at any time of year, although peak births occur in warmer months. The young are born in shallow water, sometimes assisted by a "midwife" (which may be male). A single calf is born, about 1 m (3 ft) long at birth. Rawan turky

19. Balaenopteramusculus rawan turky

20. Classification and general characteres Suborder:Mysticeti Family:Balaenopteridae Balaenopteramusculus Blue whales are found in all oceans of the world. They mate and calve in tropical-to-temperate waters during winter months and feed in polar waters during summer months. Blue whales in the northern hemisphere move north to Arctic waters to feed; blue whales in the southern hemisphere move south to the Antarctic to feed. Nearly all the southern hemisphere population may be found in the summer feeding grounds in the Antarctic. Rawan turky

21. Reproductive The diet of blue whales is principally krill. In southern waters the main species eaten is Euphausiasuperba, a small (less than 7 cm) planktonic crustacean that is tremendously abundant. In northern waters the main species are Thysanoessainermis and Meganyctiphanesnorvegica, though other planktonic species and small fish are also eaten. Adult whales can ingest 3 to 4 tons of krill per day. Rawan turky

22. Reproductive Mating starts in late autumn and continues to the end of winter. Little is known about mating behaviour or breeding grounds. Females typically give birth once every two to three years at the start of the winter after a gestation period of ten to twelve months.[39] The calf weighs about two and a half tonnes (2.75 short tons) and is around 7 m (23 ft) in length. Blue Whale calves drink 380–570 litres (100–150 US gallons) of milk a day. Weaning takes place for about six months, by which time the calf has doubled in length. Sexual maturity is typically reached at eight to ten years, by which time males are at least 20 m (66 ft) long (or more in the Southern Hemisphere). Females are larger still, reaching sexual maturity at around the age of five, by which they are about 21 m (69 ft) long. Rawan turky