1. Exploring Ocean
Chapter 5
Sec 1
By Mr. Cook

2. Why Study the ocean
People have studied the ocean since ancient times, because the ocean provides food and serves as a route for trade and travel. Modern scientist have studied the characteristics of the ocean’s water and the ocean floor

3. Tools of the Trade
Major advance in ocean-floor mapping was sonar, which stands for sound navigation and ranging, Sonar- is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. The sonar equipment on ships sends out pulses of sound that bounces off the ocean floor. The equipment then measures how quickly the sound waves return to the ship.
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4. Ocean Floor

5. Seamounts
Mountains whose peaks do not break the surface of the ocean water above them are called seamounts.

6. Trench
These canyons include earth’s deepest points. The Mariana Trench is the Deepest on Earth

7. Volcanic Island
When volcanoes on the ocean floor erupt, they can create mountains whose peaks break the surface of the ocean. As the lava cools, islands form.

8. Abyssal Plain
Thick layers of sediment, formed by the sunken remains of dead organisms from the surface, cover these vast, flat plains

9. Mid-Ocean Ridge
The mid-ocean ridge consists of many peaks along both sides of a central valley. This chain of undersea mountains rund all around the world.

10. Continental Slope
A Steady incline marks the continental slope. Continental slopes in the Pacific Ocean are steeper than those in the Atlantic Ocean.

11. Continental Shelf
This gradually sloping area borders each continent. Its width varies from just a few kilometers to as much as 1,300 kilometers

12. Ocean Zones
Link To Ocean Zones

13. Life in the ocean
Scientist classify marine organisms according to where they live and how they move.

14. Plankton
Plankton are tiny algae and animals that float in the water and are carried by waves and currents. Algae plankton include geometrically shaped diatoms. Anima plankton include some tiny young fish and microscopic crustaceans, such as copepods.

15. Nekton
Nekton- are free swimming animals that can move throughout the water column. Squid, most fishes, and marine mammals such as whales and seals are nekton.

16. Benthos
Benthos- are organisms that inhabit the ocean floor. Some benthos, like crabs, sea starts, octopus, and lobsters, move from place to place. Others like sponges and sea anemones, Stay in one location.

17. Intertidal Zone
Organisms that live in the rocky intertidal zone must be able to tolerate the pounding of the waves and changes in both salinity and temperature. They must also withstand periods of being underwater and periods of being exposed to the air.
intertidal zone.pdf

18. Neritic Zone and Open Ocean
The shallow water over the continental shelf receives sunlight and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land into the ocean. The light and nutrients enable large plantlike algae to grow.

19. Open Ocean
The open ocean differs from the neritic zone in two important ways. First, only a small part of the open ocean receives sunlight. Second, the water has fewer nutrients.

20. Surface Zone The Surface Zone
open ocean can be divided into three zones. The surface zone extends as far as sunlight reaches below the surface. The surface zone is the only part of the open ocean that receives enough sunlight to support the growth of algae. These microscopic algae are the base of open-ocean food webs. Animal plankton that feed on the algae include shrimplike krill, as well as the young of crabs, mollusks, and fishes.

21. Transition Zone The Transition Zone
The transition zone extends from the bottom of the surface zone to a depth of about 1 kilometer. The water here is darker and colder than in the surface zone.

22. Deep Zone
The Deep Zone
In the deep zone, the water is even darker and colder than in the transition zone. Because of its harsh conditions, the deep ocean is often compared to a desert. Few organisms live in the deep zone, compared to other ocean and land environments. But unlike a desert, which bakes under the bright sun, the deep ocean is cold, dark, and wet.

23. Quiz Time #1 #2