1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Java Software Solutions Foundations of Program Design Sixth Edition by Lewis & Loftus Chapter 3: Using Classes and Objects

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-2 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-3 Problem Solving The key to designing a solution is breaking it down into manageable pieces When writing software, we design separate pieces that are responsible for certain parts of the solution An object-oriented approach lends itself to this kind of solution decomposition We will dissect our solutions into pieces called objects and classes

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-4 Object-Oriented Programming Java is an object-oriented programming language As the term implies, an object is a fundamental entity in a Java program Objects can be used effectively to represent real-world entities For instance, an object might represent a particular employee in a company Each employee object handles the processing and data management related to that employee

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-5 Objects An object has: –state - descriptive characteristics –behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it) The state of a bank account includes its account number and its current balance The behaviors associated with a bank account include the ability to make deposits and withdrawals Note that the behavior of an object might change its state

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-6 Classes An object is defined by a class A class is the blueprint of an object The class uses methods to define the behaviors of the object The class that contains the main method of a Java program represents the entire program A class represents a concept, and an object represents the embodiment of that concept Multiple objects can be created from the same class

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-7 Objects and Classes Bank Account A class (the concept) John’s Bank Account Balance: $5,257 An object (the realization) Bill’s Bank Account Balance: $1,245,069 Mary’s Bank Account Balance: $16,833 Multiple objects from the same class

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-8 Inheritance One class can be used to derive another via inheritance Classes can be organized into hierarchies Bank Account Account Charge Account Savings Account Checking Account

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-9 Using Classes and Objects We can create more interesting programs using predefined classes and related objects Chapter 3 focuses on: –object creation and object references –the String class and its methods –the Java standard class library –the Random and Math classes –formatting output –enumerated types –wrapper classes

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-10 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-11 Creating Objects A variable holds either a primitive type or a reference to an object A class name can be used as a type to declare an object reference variable String title; No object is created with this declaration An object reference variable holds the address of an object The object itself must be created separately

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-12 Creating Objects Generally, we use the new operator to create an object title = new String ("Java Software Solutions"); This calls the String constructor, which is a special method that sets up the object Creating an object is called instantiation An object is an instance of a particular class

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-13 Invoking Methods Once an object has been instantiated, we can use the dot operator to invoke its methods count = title.length() A method may return a value, which can be used in an assignment or expression A method invocation can be thought of as asking an object to perform a service

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-14 References Note that a primitive variable contains the value itself, but an object variable contains the address of the object An object reference can be thought of as a pointer to the location of the object Rather than dealing with arbitrary addresses, we often depict a reference graphically "Steve Jobs" name1 num1 38

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-15 Assignment Revisited The act of assignment takes a copy of a value and stores it in a variable For primitive types: num1 38 num2 96 Before: num2 = num1; num1 38 num2 38 After:

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-16 Reference Assignment For object references, assignment copies the address: name2 = name1; name1 name2 Before: "Steve Jobs" "Steve Wozniak" name1 name2 After: "Steve Jobs"

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-17 Aliases Two or more references that refer to the same object are called aliases of each other That creates an interesting situation: one object can be accessed using multiple reference variables Aliases can be useful, but should be managed carefully Changing an object through one reference changes it for all of its aliases, because there is really only one object

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-18 Garbage Collection When an object no longer has any valid references to it, it can no longer be accessed by the program The object is useless, and therefore is called garbage Java performs automatic garbage collection periodically, returning an object's memory to the system for future use In other languages, the programmer is responsible for performing garbage collection

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-19 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-20 The String Class Because strings are so common, we don't have to use the new operator to create a String object title = "Java Software Solutions"; This is special syntax that works only for strings Each string literal (enclosed in double quotes) represents a String object

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-21 String Methods Once a String object has been created, neither its value nor its length can be changed Thus we say that an object of the String class is immutable However, several methods of the String class return new String objects that are modified versions of the original See the list of String methods on page 119 and in Appendix M

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-22 String Indexes It is occasionally helpful to refer to a particular character within a string This can be done by specifying the character's numeric index The indexes begin at zero in each string In the string "Hello", the character 'H' is at index 0 and the 'o' is at index 4 System.out.print(title.charAt(0));

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-23 Comparing Strings The equals method can be called with strings to determine if two strings contain exactly the same characters in the same order The equals method returns a boolean result if (name1.equals(name2)) System.out.println ("Same name");

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-24 Comparing Strings We cannot use the relational operators to compare strings The String class contains a method called compareTo to determine if one string comes before another A call to name1.compareTo(name2) –returns zero if name1 and name2 are equal (contain the same characters) –returns a negative value if name1 is less than name2 –returns a positive value if name1 is greater than name2

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-25 Lexicographic Ordering Lexicographic ordering is not strictly alphabetical when uppercase and lowercase characters are mixed For example, the string "Great" comes before the string "fantastic" because all of the uppercase letters come before all of the lowercase letters in Unicode Also, short strings come before longer strings with the same prefix (lexicographically) Therefore "book" comes before "bookcase"

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-26 Comparing Strings if (name1.compareTo(name2) < 0) System.out.println (name1 + "comes first"); else if (name1.compareTo(name2) == 0) System.out.println ("Same name"); else System.out.println (name2 + "comes first"); Because comparing characters and strings is based on a character set, it is called a lexicographic ordering

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-27 Comparing Objects The == operator can be applied to objects – it returns true if the two references are aliases of each other The equals method is defined for all objects, but unless we redefine it when we write a class, it has the same semantics as the == operator It has been redefined in the String class to compare the characters in the two strings When you write a class, you can redefine the equals method to return true under whatever conditions are appropriate

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-28 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-29 Class Libraries A class library is a collection of classes that we can use when developing programs The Java standard class library is part of any Java development environment Its classes are not part of the Java language per se, but we rely on them heavily Various classes we've already used ( System, Scanner, String ) are part of the Java standard class library Other class libraries can be obtained through third party vendors, or you can create them yourself

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-30 Packages The classes of the Java standard class library are organized into packages Some of the packages in the standard class library are: Package java.lang java.applet java.awt javax.swing java.net java.util javax.xml.parsers Purpose General support Creating applets for the web Graphics and graphical user interfaces Additional graphics capabilities Network communication Utilities XML document processing

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-31 The import Declaration When you want to use a class from a package, you could use its fully qualified name java.util.Scanner Or you can import the class, and then use just the class name import java.util.Scanner; To import all classes in a particular package, you can use the * wildcard character import java.util.*;

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-32 The import Declaration All classes of the java.lang package are imported automatically into all programs It's as if all programs contain the following line: import java.lang.*; That's why we didn't have to import the System or String classes explicitly in earlier programs The Scanner class, on the other hand, is part of the java.util package, and therefore must be imported

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-33 The Random Class The Random class is part of the java.util package It provides methods that generate pseudorandom numbers A Random object performs complicated calculations based on a seed value to produce a stream of seemingly random values See RandomNumbers.javaRandomNumbers.java

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-34 The Math Class The Math class is part of the java.lang package The Math class contains methods that perform various mathematical functions These include: –absolute value –square root –exponentiation –trigonometric functions

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-35 The Math Class The methods of the Math class are static methods (also called class methods) Static methods can be invoked through the class name – no object of the Math class is needed value = Math.cos(90) + Math.sqrt(delta); We discuss static methods further in Chapter 6

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-36 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-37 Formatting Output It is often necessary to format values in certain ways so that they can be presented properly The Java standard class library contains classes that provide formatting capabilities The NumberFormat class allows you to format values as currency or percentages The DecimalFormat class allows you to format values based on a pattern Both are part of the java.text package

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-38 Formatting Output The NumberFormat class has static methods that return a formatter object getCurrencyInstance() getPercentInstance() Each formatter object has a method called format that returns a string with the specified information in the appropriate format See Purchase.javaPurchase.java

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-39 Formatting Output The DecimalFormat class can be used to format a floating point value in various ways For example, you can specify that the number should be truncated to three decimal places The constructor of the DecimalFormat class takes a string that represents a pattern for the formatted number See CircleStats.javaCircleStats.java

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-40 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-41 Enumerated Types Java allows you to define an enumerated type, which can then be used to declare variables An enumerated type establishes all possible values for a variable of that type The values are identifiers of your own choosing The following declaration creates an enumerated type called Season enum Season {winter, spring, summer, fall}; Any number of values can be listed

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-42 Enumerated Types Once a type is defined, a variable of that type can be declared Season time; and it can be assigned a value time = Season.fall; The values are specified through the name of the type Enumerated types are type-safe – you cannot assign any value other than those listed

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-43 Ordinal Values Internally, each value of an enumerated type is stored as an integer, called its ordinal value The first value in an enumerated type has an ordinal value of zero, the second one, and so on However, you cannot assign a numeric value to an enumerated type, even if it corresponds to a valid ordinal value

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-44 Enumerated Types The declaration of an enumerated type is a special type of class, and each variable of that type is an object The ordinal method returns the ordinal value of the object The name method returns the name of the identifier corresponding to the object's value The values method returns an iterator of the enumerated type See IceCream.javaIceCream.java

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-45 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-46 Wrapper Classes The java.lang package contains wrapper classes that correspond to each primitive type: Primitive TypeWrapper Class byteByte shortShort intInteger longLong floatFloat doubleDouble charCharacter booleanBoolean voidVoid

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-47 Wrapper Classes The following declaration creates an Integer object which represents the integer 40 as an object Integer age = new Integer(40); An object of a wrapper class can be used in any situation where a primitive value will not suffice For example, some objects serve as containers of other objects Primitive values could not be stored in such containers, but wrapper objects could be

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-48 Wrapper Classes Wrapper classes also contain static methods that help manage the associated type For example, the Integer class contains a method to convert an integer stored in a String to an int value: num = Integer.parseInt(str); The wrapper classes often contain useful constants as well For example, the Integer class contains MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE which hold the smallest and largest int values

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-49 Autoboxing Autoboxing is the automatic conversion of a primitive value to a corresponding wrapper object: Integer obj; int num = 42; obj = num; The assignment creates the appropriate Integer object The reverse conversion (called unboxing) also occurs automatically as needed

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-50 Outline Problem Solving Creating Objects The String Class Packages Formatting Output Enumerated Types Wrapper Classes Iterators

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-51 Iterators An iterator is an object that allows you to process a collection of items one at a time It lets you step through each item in turn and process it as needed An iterator object has a hasNext method that returns true if there is at least one more item to process The next method returns the next item Iterator objects are defined using the Iterator interface, which is discussed further in Chapter 6

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-52 Iterators Several classes in the Java standard class library are iterators The Scanner class is an iterator –the hasNext method returns true if there is more data to be scanned –the next method returns the next scanned token as a string

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-53 Iterators and for Loops Recall that an iterator is an object that allows you to process each item in a collection A variant of the for loop simplifies the repetitive processing the items For example, if BookList is an iterator that manages Book objects, the following loop will print each book: for (Book myBook : BookList) System.out.println (myBook);

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-54 Iterators and for Loops This style of for loop can be read "for each Book in BookList, …" Therefore the iterator version of the for loop is sometimes referred to as the foreach loop It eliminates the need to call the hasNext and next methods explicitly It also will be helpful when processing arrays, which are discussed in Chapter 7

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 3-55 Summary Chapter 3 focused on: –Problem solving (ch1) –object creation and object references –the String class and its methods –the Java standard class library –the Random and Math classes –formatting output –enumerated types –wrapper classes –Iterators (Ch5)