1. Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

2. Background to the Scientific Revolution Medieval Reliance on Classical Authority Contradictions Artists rely upon observation of nature and make accurate renderings Technological innovations Mathematics Magic Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Claudius Ptolemy and Aristotle Geocentric Universe  Christianized Ptolemaic Universe

3. Copernicus (1473-1543)  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres  Heliocentric Universe  Retains Ptolemy’s epicycles  Reaction of the Church Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)  Compromise with ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy  Uraniborg Castle  Observations

4. Jonannes Kepler (2571-1630)  “Music of the Spheres”  Three Laws of Planetary Motion  Orbits of planets elliptical  Speed of planets  Planets with large orbits revolve slower than those with smaller orbits Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  Telescope  The Starry Messenger, 1610  Trial before the Inquisition  Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican, 1632  Laws of Motion

5. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Invents calculus  Principia  Laws of Motion  Mathematical proof of the law of gravity and that the universe operates according to universal laws Advances in Medicine Advances of Galen  Animal dissection  Four humors  Disease an imbalance of humors

6. Paracelsus (1493-1541)  Medicine as chemistry  “Like cures like” Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)  Human dissection  On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543  Corrects Galen Women in the Origins of Modern Science Influence of humanism on female scholarship Informal education Exclusion from universities

7. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)  Observations upon Experimental Philosophy  Ground of Natural Philosophy  Attacks rationalist and empiricist approaches to science Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)  Wonderful Metamorphosis and Special Nourishment of Caterpillars  Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam Maria Winklemann (1670-1720)  Astronomer  Rejection of the Berlin Academy

8. Querelles de Femmes  Male perception of the inferiority of women  Women reject the argument  Science used to support old, traditional views on women Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View René Descrtes (1596-1650)  Discourse on Method  Rejection of the senses  “I think, therefore I am”  Separation of mind and matter  Rationalism

9. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626)  The Great Instauration  Inductive Reasoning (empiricism)  Practical rather than pure science René Descartes  Deductive Reasoning Isaac Newton  Synthesized Bacon’s empiricism with Descartes’ rationalism into the scientific method

10. Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century Example of Galileo  Split between Science and Religion  New synthesis Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)  Excommunicated from Amsterdam Synagogue  Panentheism (monism)  All that is is in God, and nothing can be apart from God  Using reason to find true happiness Blaise Pacal (1623-1662)  Pensées (The Thoughts)  Convert rationalists to Christianity  Limits of science and reason

11. The Spread of Scientific Knowledge Scientific Societies  The Royal Society of England  The Royal Academy of France  Scientific Journals  Journal des Savants  Philosophical Transactions Science and Society  Acceptance through Practicality  Science as a means of economic progress and social stability