1. The Scientific Revolution Key Concepts

2. I. The Aristotelian Universe Based on Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Plato Based on Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Plato Christianized 347 B.C. – 168 A.D. Earth = Living, Protected Sphere Earth = Living, Protected Sphere Views accepted because they were what people saw in nature Views accepted because they were what people saw in nature

3. II. Scientific “ Revolutionaries ”

4. A. Copernicus (1473-1543) Pro-Church Pro-Church Wanted to glorify God Sun-centered universe Sun-centered universe Heliocentric theory Challenged circular orbits Challenged circular orbits On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) Presents his theories

5. B. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Most sophisticated observatory of his day Most sophisticated observatory of his day Remained an Aristotelian Remained an Aristotelian Discovered comet shooting right through crystalline spheres Discovered comet shooting right through crystalline spheres Not a phenomenon

6. C. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Student of Brahe Student of Brahe Planetary motion conforms to mathematical formula Planetary motion conforms to mathematical formula Elliptical orbits Elliptical orbits Planets do not move at the same speeds

7. D. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Early practitioner of the experimental method Early practitioner of the experimental method Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects Mathematical formula for acceleration of falling objects Law of inertia Law of inertia Perfected the telescope Perfected the telescope Used in his discoveries Confirmed Copernicus’ theory Challenges old philosophers Challenges old philosophers Put on trial by the Church Put on trial by the Church

8. E. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Discovers Gravity Discovers Gravity Invents Calculus Invents Calculus Universe governed by natural laws Universe governed by natural laws Laws of Motion 1 st – Inertia 2 nd - Force and Mass 3 rd – Action/Reaction Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)

9. F. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) The Inductive Method The Inductive Method Premises provide strong evidence for the conclusion Probable, but not absolute Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge

10. G. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) The Deductive Method The Deductive Method Starts with a hypothesis that is tested to reach a conclusion Proof is absolute Father of “analytical geometry” Father of “analytical geometry”

11. III. Causes of the Scientific Revolution Medieval Intellectual Life Medieval Intellectual Life The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on mathematics Renewed emphasis on mathematics Renaissance system of patronage Renaissance system of patronage Rulers support research and arts Navigational problems of long sea voyages Navigational problems of long sea voyages Better scientific instruments Better scientific instruments

12. IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution Rise of the “Scientific Community” Rise of the “Scientific Community” Royal Society of London (1662) Academy of Royal Sciences (1666) The modern scientific method The modern scientific method A universe ordered according to natural laws and logic A universe ordered according to natural laws and logic

13. IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont) Laws discovered by human reason Laws discovered by human reason Mechanical View of the Universe Mechanical View of the Universe Works like a clock Demystified Deistic View of God Deistic View of God God created the world and stepped back as an observer