1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2.  How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?  In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?  How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?  In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?

3. MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences  -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge  Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences  -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge  Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

4.  the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)  Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation  Galileo was supported by the Medici family  the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)  Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation  Galileo was supported by the Medici family

5. The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

6. Aristotle’s View of the Universe

7. Ptolemy’s Universe

8. THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

9. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS  (1473-1543)  -Polish astronomer  challenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements  proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)  planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun  (1473-1543)  -Polish astronomer  challenged the Roman astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements  proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)  planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

11. JOHANNAS KEPLER (1571-1630)  -German astronomer  -formulated the three laws of planetary motion  -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular  -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not  uniform  -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is  related to its distance from the sun  -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory  -German astronomer  -formulated the three laws of planetary motion  -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular  -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not  uniform  -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is  related to its distance from the sun  -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

12. JOHANNAS KEPLER THE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

13. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  - Italian philosopher and astronomer  Medici family was a patron (supporter) of his work  -Improved on the telescope (new invention)  this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon  - Italian philosopher and astronomer  Medici family was a patron (supporter) of his work  -Improved on the telescope (new invention)  this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

14.  Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe  based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons  Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism  It was not well received by the Church  Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe  based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons  Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism  It was not well received by the Church

15.  -Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church  Church feared that helio-centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universe  This theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

16.  Galileo was brought before the Inquisition  -His works were banned and teachings were condemned  placed on the Index of Prohibited Books  -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest  -Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642  Galileo was brought before the Inquisition  -His works were banned and teachings were condemned  placed on the Index of Prohibited Books  -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest  -Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642

17. GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM ( OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

18. GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

19. Galileo before the Inquisition

20. SIR ISAAC NEWTON

21. Isaac Newton (1642-1723)  -English mathematician – Cambridge University  -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)  -1686 formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation  (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body)  -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships  -English mathematician – Cambridge University  -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)  -1686 formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation  (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body)  -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships

22.  -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking  the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”  -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world  -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking  the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”  -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world

23. UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

25. Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

26. SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

27. Sir Francis Bacon (1561- 1626)  - English politician and writer  (not a trained scientist)  Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)  We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts  (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)  Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth  - English politician and writer  (not a trained scientist)  Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)  We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts  (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)  Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

28. EMPIRICAL MODEL  ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID  Science  Data  “proof”  TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION  ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID  Science  Data  “proof”  TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

29. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO 18 TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL REVOLUTION