1. Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe

2. Methods of Science Explanation in Science Science and Pseudoscience The Ordered Universe – Geocentric Universe – Heliocentric Universe – Newton’s Laws and the Founding of Modern Science

3. Major Methods of Science Observation: descriptions of natural phenomena usually in the search for patterns in nature Experiment: manipulation of nature to examine a phenomenon

4. Deductive Method Most typical for natural philosophers following the rediscovery of Aristotle by western Europe Explanatory method of Plato and Pythagoras Clearly expounded by René Descartes in 1637 [Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method)]. René Descartes 1596-1650

5. Inductive or Empirical Method Based on observation The experimental method is a subset of the inductive method Francis Bacon proposed the Great Instauration Novum Organum (1620) Francis Bacon 1561-1626

6. Human reason can be decieved in the following ways: Idylls of the Tribe (incorrect inference of cause and effect) Idylls of the Den (one’s views are influenced by others and may be upheld by ignoring contravening evidence) Idylls of the Marketplace (false arguments can be convincing due to ambiguity of communication) Idylls of the Theater (theories about the world can be false)

7. William Gilbert Contemporary of Bacon Did not recognize Bacon as a natural philosopher Bacon critical of Gilbert’s explanations – The Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and Gilbert our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone. – [Gilbert] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell. William Gilbert 1544-1603

8. Explanation Hypothesis Theory Principle Law

9. Attributes of Pseudoscience Anything is possible (cannot be falsified) Vague, exaggerated, untested claims Refutation of alternative theory, but no material confirmation of the claim

10. biology - geology chemistry physics mathematics COMPLEXITY

11. The Ordered Universe

12. Construction of Stonehenge Earthen banks (~3100 BCE) Wooden Building (~3000 BCE) Bluestones (~2600 BCE) Sarsen Stones (2600-2400 BCE) Final arrangement (2280-1600 BCE)

13. Aristotle of Stagira 348-322 BCE Eudoxus of Cnidus 408-355 BCE Claudius Ptolemy ~90-168 CE

14. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543

15. Giordano Bruno Dominican and non-trinitarian Praised Copernican system On trial and burned at the stake for heresy of Arianism (1548-1600)

16. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler 1546-1601 1571-1630

17. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Law of Ellipses Equal Area Law (Period) 2 /(Major Axis) 3 is the same for all planets.

18. Galileo Galilei Direct observations of the heavens with his improved telescope Saw blemishes on the moon and (later) on the sun Recorded the Medician stars and explained their changing positions as moons circling Jupiter 1564-1642

19. Isaac Newton Law of Gravity: the strength of the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is relative to the inverse square of the distance between their centers of mass. Used this concept of gravity to explain Kepler’s Laws of motion. 1642-1727

20. Robert Hooke, Edmond Halley, John Flamsteed Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Edmond Halley 1656-1742 John Flamsteed 1646-1719

21. Newton’s Laws of Motion

22. Conservation of momentum (P=mv) ƩP=0