1. Gamete Formation
Male
Haploid gametes produced by meiosis are called spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues throughout one’s life
Under hormone and environmental control
Female
Haploid gamete produced by meiosis is called an oocyte
Cell divisions at the end of meiosis one and two are uneven so one cell gets most of the cytoplasm (the EGG) and the other three are called polar bodies (don’t participate in reproduction)
IMPORTANT!
Female gametes are stuck in Prophase 1 until puberty
Complete Meiosis 1 every month and the secondary is released from ovary
Female gametes only reach and complete meiosis 2 if they are fertilized

6. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis
Results in the production of two genetically identical DIPLOID cells
Daughter cells have sets of chromosomes identical to each other and to parent cell
MITOSIS allows body to grow and replace other cells
Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
Results in four genetically different HAPLOID cells
MEIOSIS is how sexually reproducing organisms make gametes

8. Embryology and Reproduction

9. Embryology Zygote Blastula Gastrula
Zygote formation
Cleavage
4 cells
Morula
Blastocyst
Embryology
Zygote
When male gamete fertilizes female gamete
Gametes fuse, making one new cell with chromosomes from both parents
Zygote will divide into 2 new cells…each of those into 4 and so on…
Cleavage  division of embryonic cells to form two new cells
Genetic material is copied before each cleavage
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells
Gastrula
When blastula implants itself on the uterine wall (to get nourishment from mother)
Ball of cells composed of three layers “GERM LAYERS” (undifferentiated)
Differentiation begins…

10. Stages of Embryo Development
Male gamete fertilizes female gamete
Formation of Zygote
Zygote cells divide into…
Morula
Dense ball of 64 cells
Blastula/blastocyst
Hollow ball made up of a single layer of cells
Implants onto the female organ called the UTERUS
Gastrula
When 3 germ layers begin to differentiate
Fetus
Organogenesis has occurred

11. Stages of Early Development
Implantation
When blastocyst secretes enzymes that digest the soft tissue of the ENDOMETRIUM, the lining of the uterus and implants on the uterine wall of the mother
After implantation, DIFFERENTIATION can occur
Gastrulation
When the 3 germ layers form in the embryo
Cells in blastocyst begin to differentiate into 3 germ layers
Blastocyst now becomes a GASTRULA
Neuralation
Development of the nervous system
Mesoderm tissue develops into the NOTOCHORD which becomes SPINAL CORD with an enlarged end that eventually becomes the BRAIN

13. Embryo becomes a Fetus when…
When the structures of the developing embryo have become distinguished
Cells have differentiated into their permanent role in that organism
This occurs during first trimester

15. Gastrula
Germ layers
Differentiation the process by which a cell develops in different ways to perform different functions…begins with the forming of three germ layers
Ectoderm
Outer layer
Forms skin, nerves and sense organs
Mesoderm
Middle layer
Forms bones, muscles and connective tissue
Endoderm
Inner layer
Forms digestive system and lungs

18. Stages of Fetal Development
1st trimester 0-3 months
2nd trimester 3-6 months
3rd Trimester 6-9 months
Implantation on uterus wall
Gastrula forms
Organogenesis occurs
Body structures become distinguishable
Embryo is now called a FETUS
Fetus is very active (feel movement)
Fetus increases in size
Heart beat can be heard
Fully developed eyes
Lungs begin to develop
Lungs become fully developed
Central Nervous System Develops
Brain is actively growing the most
Fetus can begin to regulate body temperature (maintain homeostasis)
Layer of hair forms on head

19. Important Glands that Regulate The Release of Gametes
Female
Male
Pituitary gland and the testes regulate the release of hormones that stimulate the production of TESTOSTERONE
Pituitary gland and the ovary regulate the release of hormones that stimulates the production of ESTROGEN
The hormones that regulate both male and female gamete formation are:
LH- luteinizing hormone
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

22. Reproduction Part 2

23. Things to know about the Reproductive Systems
Male
Female
Function and location of:
Testes
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
Vas Deferenes
Urethra
Epididymis
Function and location of:
Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix

24. Seminal Fluid + Sperm = Semen
Testes
Organs that produce and store millions of male gametes(spermatocytes) after puberty, when testosterone is produced
Contain hundreds of tiny coiled tubes called SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES ( production of gametes)
Epididymis
Structure that sits on top of testes
Spermatocytes produced in SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES leave and travel here to MATURE
Vas Deferenes
Mature spermatocytes leave EPIDIDYMIS and move into these tubes that extend upward from the scrotum to the abdomen
These tubes eventually merge with the URETHRA
Seminal Vesicle and Prostate Glands
GLANDS that line the reproductive tract
Glands that produce liquid (seminal fluid) that carries male gametes out of the body
seminal fluid-nutrient rich fluid that nourishes and protects male gametes from the acidity of the female reproductive tract
Seminal Vesicles are attached to the Vas Deferns, the tube that the spermatocytes travel through
Urethra
Tube that carries MATURE gametes out of the body through the penis (always responsible for carrying urine out of the body)
Seminal Fluid + Sperm = Semen

27. Path of Male Gametes
Testes contain seminiferous tubules (gametes produced)
Epididymis (gametes Mature and are STORED)
Vas deferens (gametes travel)
Urethra (gametes travel)
Out of the body

28. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries (produce, store and release EGGS)
Female gonads that produce ova (oocytes)and estrogen
Contains about 400,000 primary oocytes, contained in protective cluster of cells called FOLLICLES
Only 400 eggs will be released
Every 28 days one follicle moves to edge of ovary, follicle breaks open and egg is released into oviduct (FT)
Oviduct/Fallopian Tube (FT)
Where fertilization occurs if male gamete is here
Cilia move egg along
Development of embryo (morula and blastula occur)
Dumps egg into cavity called UTERUS
Uterus
Site of attachment of the fertilized egg (implantation)
Provided nourishment to embryo
End of uterus is the opening called the CERVIX
Cervix
Opens up to canal (VAGINA) that carries unfertilized oocyte OR completely developed FETUS out of the body

32. The End