1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote animal cells
Types of cells
Prokaryote bacteria cells
Eukaryote animal cells
Eukaryote plant cells

3. Cell characteristics All cells: are surrounded by a plasma membrane
have cytoplasm
cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
contain DNA
have ribosomes
tiny “organelles” that make proteins using instructions contained in genes

4. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
DNA
Associated with protein in membrane-bound nucleus
single circle.
“naked”
Size
5-100 µm µm
Organization
Single and multicellular, some have cell walls
single-celled, all have cell walls
Division
Mitosis and Meiosis
Binary Fission
Organelles
membrane bound organelles like mitochondria
no organelles, different ribosomes (70S)
Examples
plants, animals, protists, fungi
bacteria, archaea 4 4

5. Eukaryotic - Animal Cell

6. Eukaryotic - Plant Cell

7. 2.2.1
2.2.2
Prokaryotic Cell

8. E. coli ultrastructure (SEM)
2.2.3
E. coli ultrastructure (SEM)

9. Prokaryotic Cells divide by binary fission
2.2.4

10. Representative Animal Cell10

11. Drawing of animal cell.
2.3.1
and
2.3.2

12. Representative Plant Cell12

13. Liver Cell (SEM)
2.3.3

14. Animal Plant Cell Wall Chloroplasts Polysaccharides Vacuole Shape
2.3.4
Cell Wall
No, only plasma membrane
Yes, and plasma membrane
Chloroplasts no
yes
Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch as storage
Cellulose for structure
Vacuole
Large fluid filled present
Shape
Able to change shape. Usually rounded.
Fixed shape.
Usually regular. 14 14

15. Cell Membrane Structure: Function: phospholipid bilayer
proteins that function as channels, markers, and receptors.
Function:
selectively permeable boundary between the cell and external environment 15

16. Nucleus Structure: Function:
membrane bound sphere that contains DNA and nucleolus
Function:
storage center of cell’s
DNA manages cell functions 16

17. Cell Wall Structure: Function:
Rigid wall made up of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrates
Function:
Permeable boundary around the outside of the plant cell membrane that provides structure and support 17

18. Cytoskeleton Structure: Function:
a network of thin, fibrous elements made up of microtubules and microfilaments
Function:
acts as a support system for organelles
maintains cell shape 18

19. Ribosomes Structure: Function:
consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA
Function:
location of protein synthesis 19

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure:
a system of membranous tubules and sacs
Function:
intercellular highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another) 20

21. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER):
prominent in cells that make large amounts of proteins to be exported from the cell
Covered with ribosomes 21

22. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER):
involved in the synthesis of lipids and breakdown of toxic substances
Not covered with ribosomes 22

23. Golgi Apparatus Structure: Function: stacked flat sacs
receives vesicle bound proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell
receiving, processing, packaging, and shipping
AKA: Golgi body, Golgi complex or dictysome 23

24. Lysosomes Structure: Function:
spherical organelles that contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes
Function:
breaks down food particles, invading objects, or worn out cell parts 24

25. Vacuoles Structure: Function: a sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
used for temporary storage of wastes, nutrients, and water 25

26. Mitochondria Structure: Function:
folded membrane (cristae) within an outer membrane.
Function:
converts energy stored in food into usable energy (ATP)
Allows aerobic cellular respiration 26

27. Chloroplasts Structure: Function:
stacked sacs (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll surrounded by a double membrane
Function:
photosynthesis (conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose) 27

28. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Lynn Margulis
U of M, Amherst
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Important to see the similarities
transform energy
generate ATP
double membranes = 2 membranes
semi-autonomous organelles
move, change shape, divide
internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

29. Evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis theory
Evolution of eukaryotes

30. Any Questions??
To the video….