1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Chapter 15

2. THE BIG PICTURE Evolutionary Theory
A collection of scientific facts, observations, and hypotheses which explains the process by which modern organisms have changed or descended from ancient organisms.

3. The Story of Darwin
Who?
Charles Darwin – major contributor to our understanding of evolution
What?
He was a naturalist on the HMS Beagle.
When?
5 year voyage set sail in 1831
Where?
Voyage went around the world with stops in South America, Galápagos Islands, New Zealand, and Australia
Why?
Exploration! Darwin’s job was to collect and study plant and animal specimens from all over the world.

4. The Voyage of the HMS Beagle

5. Darwin’s Observations
1. Patterns of Diversity
a. Noticed that plants and animals seemed remarkably well suited to whatever environment they inhabited; he noticed the many ways in which organisms survived and produced offspring.
b. Puzzled by where different species lived—and did not live ; similar ecosystems contained very different types of animals

6. Darwin’s Observations
Living Organisms and Fossils
Some fossils collected resembled organisms that were still alive. Others looked completely different.

7. Darwin’s Observations
The Galápagos Islands
a. Although the islands were close together, the islands had very different climates. And different organisms on each island.
b. The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited.
c. Collected birds and noted that they had differently shaped beaks.

8. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
In Darwin’s day….
…most people believed that the Earth and all its forms of life had been created only a few thousand years ago.
…most people believed that since creation, neither the planet nor its living things species had changed
…most people believed that rocks and major geological features were thought to have been produced suddenly by catastrophic events

9. Scientist
Date
Scientific Idea
James Hutton
1785
Proposed that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods of time (rain, wind, temperature); Earth millions of years old
Thomas Malthus
1798
Predicts that the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it.
Jean-Baptists Lamarck
1809
Publishes his hypotheses of the inheritance of acquired traits. Proposes that by selective use or disuse allows organisms to lose or acquire traits.
Charles Lyell
1833
Explained that the processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.

10. Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
A male fiddler crab uses its front claw to ward off predators and to attract mates.
Lamarck proposed that the selective use or disuse of an organ led to a change in that organ that was then passed on to offspring. This proposed mechanism is shown here applied to fiddler crabs. (1) The male crab uses its small front claw to attract mates and ward off predators. (2) Because the front claw has been used repeatedly, it becomes larger.

11. Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses
Because the front claw is used repeatedly, it becomes larger.
This characteristic (large claw) is passed onto its offspring.

12. Publication of On the Origin of Species
Darwin filled notebooks with his ideas about species diversity and the evolution process.
Darwin was stunned and disturbed by his discoveries.
He shelved his manuscript for years and told his wife to publish it in case he died.

13. Publication of On the Origin of Species
In 1858, Darwin received a short essay from naturalist Alfred Wallace.
The essay summarized Darwin’s thoughts on evolutionary change.
Later that year, Wallace’s essay was presented with some of Darwin’s work.
In 1859, Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species.
Wallace
Darwin

15. Inherited Variation and Artificial Selection
Members of each species vary from one another in important ways; variations are heritable.
Darwin noted that plant and animal breeders would breed only the largest hogs, the fastest horses, or the cows that produced the most milk.
Darwin termed this process artificial selection.
Artificial selection is the selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.

16. Evolution by Natural Selection
Struggle for Existence
Survival of the Fittest
a. Fitness
b. Adaptation
c. Natural Selection
3. Descent with Modification

17. Evolution by Natural Selection
Struggle for Existence
Darwin realized that high birth rates and a shortage of life's basic needs would force organisms to compete for resources.
Members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life.

18. Evolution by Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is fitness.
Darwin proposed that fitness is the result of adaptations.
An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival.
Successful adaptations enable organisms to become better suited to their environment and better able to survive and reproduce.

19. Evolution by Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest
Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring.
Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
Darwin called this process survival of the fittest.

20. Evolution by Natural Selection
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species' fitness in its environment.

21. Evolution by Natural Selection
Descent with Modification
Natural selection produces organisms that have different structures, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats.
Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.
Darwin referred to this principle as descent with modification.

22. Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Embryology

23. Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record
By comparing fossils from older rock layers with fossils from younger layers, scientists could document that life on Earth has changed over time.

24. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Living Things
1. Because of their similarities, Darwin decided that all Galápagos finches could have descended with modification from a common mainland ancestor.

25. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution
2. Species now living on different continents had each descended from different ancestors. However, because some animals on each continent were living under similar ecological conditions, they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection and different animals ended up evolving certain features in common.

26. Evidence of Evolution Homologous Body Structures
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called homologous structures.
Similarities and differences in homologous structures help biologists group animals according to how recently they last shared a common ancestor.

28. Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Organs
Not all homologous structures serve important functions.
The organs of many animals are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species.
These organs are called vestigial organs.

29. Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Embryology
The early stages, or embryos, of many animals with backbones are very similar.
The same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce the tissues and organs of all vertebrates.

30. Summary of Darwin's Theory
Individual organisms differ, and some of this variation is heritable.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce.
Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited resources.

31. Summary of Darwin's Theory
Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
These organisms pass their heritable traits to their offspring. Other individuals die or leave fewer offspring.
This process of natural selection causes species to change over time.