1. Classification of Organisms BIO 138 - Ch. 17

2. Ch. 17, section 1: Classification of Organisms -Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms in an organized universally accepted way. -Over 2 million species have been classified and named.

3. The History of Classification -Aristotle (384-322 BC): Grouped organisms based on physical similarities; created binomial definition. -Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778): Developed classification system: kingdoms (3), classes, order, genera, and species.

4. Linnaeus’s system was expanded to the Modern System we use today: 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum (Division in plant kingdom.) 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

5. Naming Organisms: Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1620) Binomial Nomenclature which is -created Binomial Nomenclature which is a naming system for newly discovered organisms that we still use today. Example: Homo sapiens

6. Rules for naming organisms: 1. First letter of the first word, the genus identifier is capitalized; all other letters are lower case. Example: Geococcyx 2. All of the letters of the second word, the species identifier, are lower case. Example: californianus 3. Putting the two words together, you must either underline the words or write them in italics. Example: Geococcyx californianus

7. Ch. 17, section 2: Systematics For modern day classification, scientists look beyond what they can physically see. Scientists use Systematics to classify organisms in terms of their natural evolutionary relationships. Scientists look for similarities in: embryoschromosomesproteins DNA and RNA

8. Ch. 17, section 3: The Three Domains -Carl Woese, University of Illinois, 1977 1. Eukarya 2. Bacteria (bacteria, have peptidoglycan) 3. Archae (bacteria, no peptidoglycan) -Domain comes before the Kingdom. -For example: Humans are in the Domain Eukarya and Kingdom Anamalia.

9. The Kingdoms

10. The Six Kingdoms 1. Protista- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular & multicellular, microscopic, cell wall made of cellulose. Examples: amoeba, paramecium

11. 2. Fungi- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular & multicellular, cell wall made of chitin. Examples: molds, mildew, mushrooms. These organisms absorb nutrients.

12. 3. Plantae- eukaryotic, nucleus, unicellular & multicellular, cell wall made of cellulose, develop from embryos. Examples: plants. 4. Animalia- eukaryotic, nucleus, multicellular, no cell wall, develop from embryos. Examples: animals.

13. *Monera (prokaryotes) 5. Archaebacteria- prokaryotic, no nucleus, unicellular bacteria, no peptidoglycans, cell wall, live in harsh environments. 6. Eubacteria- prokaryotic, no nucleus, unicellular bacteria, has peptidoglycans, cell wall, types of bacteria we may encounter everyday.

14. Kingdom Animalia. Man is part of the animal kingdom, the top grouping. Kingdom Animalia. Man is part of the animal kingdom, the top grouping. Phylum Chordata. This phylum consists of animals with spinal cords. Phylum Chordata. This phylum consists of animals with spinal cords. Class Mammalia. Man is a mammal, a warm-blooded animal who bears its young live. Class Mammalia. Man is a mammal, a warm-blooded animal who bears its young live. Order Primates. This order includes humans and all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etc. Order Primates. This order includes humans and all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etc. Family Hominidae. The hominids include man and his closest cousins, chimps and gorillas. Family Hominidae. The hominids include man and his closest cousins, chimps and gorillas. Genus Homo. The family of man, including our extinct predecessors, Homo erectus and the neanderthals. Genus Homo. The family of man, including our extinct predecessors, Homo erectus and the neanderthals. Species sapiens. You and me. Species sapiens. You and me.

15. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Metazoa Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Infraclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Tribe Hominini Genus Homo Species sapiens Subspecies sapiens -Classification of the Modern Human starting with Domain through Species: