1. Cells: Plant vs. Animal Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote Honors Biology

2. Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells ▪ We can group all life on Earth into three major groups (Called Domains) ▪ Two groups: Prokaryotic (Domains “Archaea” and “Bacteria”) and Eukaryotic (Domain Eukaryota) ▪ What do these words mean? (Greek prefix/suffixes) ▪ Prokaryotic: “Pro” meaning before and “karyotic” which means nucleus ▪ Eukaryotic: “Eu” meaning true/genuine and “karyotic” referring to the nucleus.

3. What do these things look like? ▪ Prokaryotes: ▪ Eukaryotes: ▪

4. Prokaryotic Cells ▪ Prokaryotic organisms are thought to have been the first living things on Earth. ▪ Prokaryotic organisms can be divided into two subgroups (domains). ▪ Bacteria and Archaea

5. Bacteria ▪ (Prokaryote) ▪ No enclosed nucleus! ▪ No membrane-bound organelles! ▪ Very simple structure ▪ May move by use of flagellum (whip like structure) or pili (tiny hair-like projections)

6. Archaea ▪ (Prokaryote) ▪ Organism very similar to bacteria (yet more related to eukaryotes…fun fact)! ▪ These prokaryotes can live in very extreme conditions! ▪ (This property makes them unique and not bacteria.) ▪ Habitat: Hot springs, ocean floor, volcanic vents….

7. Eukaryotic Cells ▪ Complex cells with organelles ▪ DNA is enclosed within a nucleus! ▪ Plants and animals have eukaryotic cells

8. Crash Course: Organelles ▪ Organelles: are a specialized structures found within cells that have a specific function. ▪ (Organelles: basically tiny organs of cells.) ▪ Key Concept: Are organelles themselves considered alive?

9. Crash Course: Organelles ▪ Nucleus (“control center”): contains DNA which commands how the cell operates. ▪ Ribosome: produces protein which are used throughout the cell and our whole body. ▪ (More on proteins later in our school year)

10. Crash Course: Organelles ▪ Chloroplast: seen in plant cells. Uses sunlight to produce food for plants. ▪ Golgi body (apparatus): packages proteins for distribution around the cell (or for leaving the cell) ▪ Lysosome: sacs of digestive enzymes used to digest old organelles/ cell waste ▪ Endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth ER- synthesizes lipids Rough ER: (covered in ribosomes) synthesizes proteins ▪ Cell membrane: used for protection and allows things to enter and leave the cell (called selective permeability) ▪ Mitochondria: in both plant/animal cells. Uses sugar to produce energy for the cell.

11. Eukaryotes: Plant Vs. Animal ▪ Plant cells: ▪ Animal Cells:

12. Eukaryotes: Plant Vs. Animal ▪ (DIFFERENCES) ▪ Plant cells: Have chloroplasts, large central vacuole, ridged shape, and cell walls ▪ Animal cells: round/irregular shape, small vacuoles, no cell wall, no chloroplast

13. Eukaryotes: Plant Vs. Animal ▪ (Similarities) ▪ Both have the features of being a eukaryote. ▪ Both contain cell membranes and mitochondria. ▪ Key Concept: Do animal cells have a cell wall?

14. Review of Cells ▪ To fully understand and master this section of Biology see if you know the answers to these questions. ▪ 1. What living things are Eukaryotic organisms? ▪ 2. What living things are Prokaryotic? ▪ 3. How are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes different? ▪ 4. How do plant and animal cells differ?