1. 1 GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام BIOB 101 نبت 101 Dr. TRABELSI SOUAD Chapter 2 : Plant Taxonomy First year / second semester بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم المملكة العربية السعودية وزارة التعليم العالي جامعة طيبة كلية العلوم والآداب بينبع قسم الأحياء تخصص أحياء دقيقة 1431/1432ﻫ Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia Ministry Of Higher Education Taibah University Faculty of Science and Arts-Yanbu Biology Department Microbiology Branch 2010/2011

2. 2 General Botany BIOB 101 PLANTS TAXONOMY Taxonomy : The of science tbranch hat classifies life into groups. Carolus Linnaeus pioneered the grouping of organisms based on two parts scientific names using Latin: binomial nomenclature. This classification was based on physical similarities and differences. Today, taxonomic classification is much more complex and takes into account cellular types and organization, biochemical similarities, and genetic similarities. 2. Plants Taxonomy

3. 3 General Botany BIOB 101 Linnaeus published the first edition of Systema Naturae in the year 1735. He outlines his ideas for the hierarchical classification of the natural world, dividing it into: animal kingdom (Regnum animale), plant kingdom (Regnum vegetabile), mineral kingdom (Regnum lapideum). 2. Plants Taxonomy Title page of the 1758 edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturæ

4. 4 General Botany BIOB 101 Living organisms 3 DOMAINS Bacteria Archea Eukarya 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archeabacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae Actual classification of living organisms 2. Plants Taxonomy

5. 5 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Classification of living organisms

6. 6 Kingdoms are divided into groups called phylums Phylums are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genuses contain closely related species 2. Plants Taxonomy General Botany BIOB 101 Levels of classification :

7. 7 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy

8. 8 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy

9. 9 General Botany BIOB 101 The plant kingdom includes nonvascular and vascular plants. * Nonvascular plants (NonTracheophyta) lack a water- conducting system of tubular cells (called xylem tissue), and do not have true roots, stems and leaves. Like algae and fungi, the plant body of some nonvascular plants is often called a thallus. Nonvascular plants are called Bryophytes, including the mosses and liverworts. * The vast majority of the plant kingdom are vascular (Tracheophyta), with tubular, water-conducting cells called xylem tissue. Like a microscopic pipeline system, they are arranged end-to-end from the roots to the leaves. Unlike nonvascular plants, they have true roots, stems and leaves. 2. Plants Taxonomy

10. 10 General Botany BIOB 101 More primitive vascular plants that reproduce by spores, but without seeds, are called pteridophytes, and include the 4 phyla: Psilophyta (whisk ferns), Lycophyta (club mosses), Sphenophyta (horsetails), and Pterophyta (ferns). Seed-bearing vascular plants are called spermatophytes and include the primitive gymnosperms (Naked seeds) (with immature seeds or ovules naked and exposed directly to pollen) and the more advanced angiosperms (with ovules enclosed in an ovary that ripens into a fruit). Gymnosperms include the 4 phyla Cycadophyta (cycads), Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree), Gnetophyta (mormon tea & the bizarre South African Welwitschia), and the Coniferophyta (conifers). The angiosperms are placed in the single phylum Anthophyta which includes all the flowering plants and 90 percent of all the plant kingdom. 2. Plants Taxonomy

11. 11 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Plants classification Plants

12. 12 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Plant kingdom classification

13. 13 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Gymno- sperms Pterido- phytes Angiosperms Bryophytes The four major groups of plants

14. 14 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy

15. 15 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

16. 16 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Pterophytes Phylum Pterophyta Ferns Horsetails

17. 17 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers).

18. 18 General Botany BIOB 101 2. Plants Taxonomy Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta (flowering plants)

19. 19 General Botany BIOB 101 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is accepted worldwide. The value of a scientific name is that it is an identifier; it is not necessarily of descriptive value, or even accurate. 2. Plants Taxonomy