1. Pink Pub Quiz

2. Inequities Services not targeted according to need  this is the key determinant in health inequality Relate to – Access to service – Availability of responsive service – Utilisation of services

3. Events rate Number of people dying in a defined group of people in a given time

4. Social control role Societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behaviour with the aim of maintaining social order

5. Health behaviour Behaviours that people engage in that affect their health

6. ‘Intention to treat’ analysis Compare all participants Reflects actual effect outside in clinical practice

7. Race A concept that concentrates on assumed biological/genetic differences between groups of people Racialisation is the process with creates the conditions for groups to be recognised as races and which makes racism possible

8. Odds ratio Number of cases/number of non-cases

9. Direct racism Treated less favourably due to ethnicity or religion Basically – you know you’re doing it

10. Incidence The number of new cases arising of a specified disease in a defined population at a given time

11. Indirect racism People unaware that their actions are undermining the position of people from ethnic minority groups You don’t realise you’re doing it

12. Inverse care law The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served

13. Biopsychosocial model The biology, psychology and social context of an individual which all play a role in their health

14. Lay belief Peoples common sense understanding and knowledge about health and illness Can be derived from scientific knowledge and/or evidence based practice Generally rooted in peoples own experiences Not necessarily different from medical understanding

15. Confidence interval The measure of certainty which can be attached to the results e.g. 95%

16. Disability free life expectancy The number of years an individual can expect to live with out a limiting chronic illness or disability

17. Access Inequality A difference in the level or service provided to different areas or social groups

18. P-value The probability that we could have obtained the observed data if the null hypothesis were true Good p-value = less than 0.05

19. Ethnicity A long shared history distinguishing one group from another Cultural tradition including family, social customs and manners Often but not necessarily associated with religious observance

20. Placebo effect The patients attitude to their illness and indeed the illness itself, may be improved by a feeling that something is being done about it

21. Crude birth rate Live births per 1000 population

22. Sex Characteristics between males and females that are biologically determined

23. Culture Shared experiences, beliefs and values Members of a particular ethnic group may not share the same cultural experiences, beliefs or values -> need to be sensitive

24. Need A claim for services and implies a capacity to benefit from an intervention 4 main categories – Felt – Expressed – Normative – Comparative

25. Gender The social and cultural meanings assigned to being male or female

26. Institutionalised racism The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour/culture/ethnic origin

27. Prevalence The number of people with a specified disease in a defined population at a given time

28. Social capital Social networks and norms that facilitate co- ordination and co-operation 2 types – Bonding – strong ties between individuals of a social network that see themselves as homogenous – Bridging – links across social groups in society who do not necessarily share similar social identities

29. Standard error SE A measurement of how far from the ‘true’ value the estimate actually is

30. 4 definitions of health Health is the absence of illness Health is functional ability Health is equilibrium Health is freedom WHO definition – complete physical, social and mental well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

31. Health Inequalities Systematic differences in health and illness across social groups

32. Cohort study Recruit DISEASE FREE individuals PROSPECTIVE study And classify according to their exposure status

33. The Census A simultaneous recording of demographic date by the government at a particular time pertaining to all persons who live in a particular territory

34. Clinical trial Any form of planned experiment that involves patients and is designed to elucidate the most appropriate method of treatment for future patients with the disease in question

35. Total fertility rate Average number of live children that a group of women would have if they experienced the age specific fertility rates of the calendar year in question throughout child bearing years

36. General fertility rate Live births per 1000 women aged 15-44 (child bearing years)

37. ‘As-treated’ analysis Only compare those that completed and complied fully with treatment Compares physiological effects of treatment but loses randomisation

38. Attributable risk (Incidence rate exposed – incidence rate non- exposed)/incidence rate exposed How much risk can we assign to a factor and therefore how much disease/problem would we get rid of if we eliminated that factor

39. Epidemiology The study of disease in populations

40. Confounder A factor that is associated with the exposure under investigation but independently affects the disease risk

41. Standardised mortality rate SMR Number of observed deaths/ number of expected deaths

42. Null hypothesis No effect If they ask it in an exam – you might be asked to write out a possible null hypothesis for a scenario they give – basically there is NO difference between the two groups/treatments/studies – how ever they phrase it

43. Case-control study A RETROSPECTIVE study Recruiting a group of cases based on their disease state Then identify a group of suitable non-cases

44. Relative risk The number of cases in population A relative to the number of cases in population B

45. Placebo An inert substance identical in taste, colour, size etc Packaged and labelled in an identical container to active drug

46. Clinical equipose Reasonable uncertainty about which treatment (including non-treatment) is better Randomisation does therefore not deny any patient the best treatment