1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHAPTER 2 EARLY SOCIETIES IN SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 1

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CIVILIZATION DEFINED Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications 2

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? 3

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. 6

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). 7

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). Trade 8

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRES 1800-600 BCE 9

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MESOPOTAMIA Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE  Military, agricultural applications Iron, c. 1000 BCE  Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks 10

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. USES FOR WRITING Trade Astronomy Mathematics  Agricultural applications Calculation of time  12-month year  24-hour day, 60-minute hour 11

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE EARLY HEBREWS Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850 BCE Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE  Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon (970-930 BCE) 12

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MOSES AND MONOTHEISM Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god  Denies existence of competing parallel deities  Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law  The Torah (“the teaching”) 13

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FOREIGN CONQUESTS OF ISRAEL Civil war  Northern tribes: Israel  Southern: Judah Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE  Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE  Additional exile of many residents of Judah  Returned later than century 14

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ISRAEL AND PHOENICIA, 1500- 600 BCE 15

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE PHOENICIANS City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade  Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE Development of alphabet symbols  Simpler alternative to cuneiform  Spread of literacy 16

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people  Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 17

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 18

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IMPLICATIONS OF INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATION Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade  Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron  Iron  Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture  Aryo, “noble, lord”  Aryan, Iranian, Irish  Caste system in India 19

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE