1. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Key Question for the 21 st Century Should Americans give up some civil liberties in order to protect the country from terrorism? If so, which ones? If not, how to fight repression? Education Selection of judges/justices Support the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty”

2. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Lecture 18. Race and Racism in the US Dynamics of Democracy, Chapter 5

3. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 The term “civil rights” includes the equality of rights for the following: ETHNICITY SEXUAL ORIENTATION Civil Rights RACE SEX RELIGION

4. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Supreme Court Decisions Civil Rights for African-Americans U.S. Congress 13 th,14 th, 15 th Amendments State Legislatures

5. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1619 First slaves arrive 1787 The 3/5 th rule 1808 Importing slaves made illegal… …despite ban, slave trade continues Slavery in America

6. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1857 Dred Scott case 1865 13 th Amendment ratified 1865 Black Codes 1866 to 1875 Congress passes Civil Rights Laws. Blacks vote and hold office in South. Slavery in America

7. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1865 to 1877 Reconstruction Federal troops in South 1868 14 th Amendment ratified 1870 15 th Amendment ratified 1873 Supreme Court Ruling virtually nullifies 14 th Amendment The Struggle for Civil Rights

8. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1877 Federal troops withdrawn 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson 1909 NAACP formed; legal strategy for civil rights The Struggle for Civil Rights 1865 Ku Klux Klan formed— Revived 1915

9. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1865- Slavery was made illegal Dred Scott 13 th Amendment 1857- African Americans not citizens so they are not entitled to civil liberties

10. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” Black Codes 14 th Amendment Laws that prevented African-Americans from buying property, signing contracts, or serving on juries

11. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1876- Ruled that federal laws that punished those who violated rights of African-Americans were unconstitutional 15 th Amendment U.S. v. Cruikshank Gave African- American men the right to vote

12. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1896- The court upheld the legality of segregated facilities U.S. v. Reese Plessy v. Ferguson 1876- Ruled that the 15th Amendment did not guarantee all men over 21 a right to vote

13. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1944- The court ruled that whites-only primary elections were unconstitutional Gaines v. Canada Smith v. Allwright 1938- The court ruled that Missouri had to establish truly equal facilities

14. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Jim Crow Laws Laws that discriminated against African-Americans, usually by enforcing segregation and limiting voting. 5-2b Jim Crow Laws

15. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations under the Interstate Commerce Act No tax dollars could go to organizations that discriminated Outlawed job discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce these rules

16. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Sent federal registrars to Southern counties with less than 30% voter registration by African-Americans Courts authorized to review any redistricting plans that reduced chances of electing blacks Led to a dramatic increase in African-American voting and election of black officials Renewed in 2006 with strong support from civil rights groups and major business lobbyists

17. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled that separate was not equal and that public schools must be desegregated “with all deliberate speed” Outlawed “de jure” segregation, not “de facto” Chief Justice Earl Warren: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” Pres. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Arkansas to enforce school integration Massive Southern resistance to integration until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 cut federal funds to segregated schools Brown v. Board of Education

18. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Why Most US Schools Remain Segregated Local school district boundaries Courts will not order busing across district boundaries Housing is segregated by income and race “White flight” to suburbs to avoid attending integrated schools Affordable housing for poor and minorities is more available in central cities Lack of political support for changes in local school finance or district boundaries

19. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Race and Politics Only 44 African-Americans in House, 1 in Senate (all Democrats) African-Americans a key Democratic voting block: 90% in 2000 and 2004 Majority-minority districts in the South help elect more blacks but reduce # of Democratic districts Race is a major reason for the resurgence of the Republican Party in the South Republicans try to gain black votes on issues such as abortion, gay marriage, and funding for faith-based social programs

20. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Racial Attitudes in the US Wide support for civil rights and legal equality for African- Americans Overt expression of racist opinions is no longer socially acceptable, but stereotypes persist Media coverage of violent crime gives a negative image of blacks, especially young males Whites over-estimate blacks as a proportion of the population, of criminals, or of welfare recipients White opposition to most policies that might help blacks: school busing, affirmative action, drug law reform, more generous welfare Strong support from BUSINESS for affirmative action, diversity, 2006 renewal of Voting Rights Act