1. The Cerebral Cortex and Higher Intellectual Functions

2. Primary, Secondary and Association

3. Frontal lobe

4. Plans for Action (prefrontal cortex)

5. Functions of the prefrontal cortex: 1) Planning This is the area where volition, thinking ahead, problem solving are located. Before you can have these, and do them flexibly, fluently, adaptively, have to inhibit more primitive, automatic, instinctive behavior patterns; hence 2) Inhibition 3) Selectivity ‘I will do this, I will not do that’

7. Phineas Gage

9. Prefrontal Cortex Damage:  Lack of foresight  Frequent stubbornness  Inattentive and moody  Lack of ambitions, sense of responsibility, sense of propriety (rude)  Less creative and unable to plan forthe future

10. Lobes in a lateral view of left hemisphere Atlas Fig.2-11

11. Attention, Representation of Space (right parietal association cortex)

13. Spatial relationships distorted

14. Spatial relationships distorted

17. language

20. Broca Aphasia (Expressive aphasia) Broca's aphasia - Sarah Scott - teenage stroke http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew Left hemisphere

21. Wernicke Aphasia (Receptive aphasia) Wernicke's Aphasia Interview with Amelia Carter http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtadyCc_ybo Left hemisphere

22. Prosody of speech (right hemisphere)

23. Sleep

24. Why Do We Need Sleep? Adaptive Evolutionary Function  safety  energy conservation/ efficiency Restorative Function  body rejuvenation & growth Brain Plasticity  enhances synaptic connections  memory consolidation

26. The ascending arousal system promotes wake A. B. Modified from Fuller et al., J Biol Rhythms, 2006

27. Hypocreatin (orexin)

29. Narcolepsy VS Insomnia

30. Melatonin: Produced by pineal gland, released at night-inhibited during the day (circadian regulation); initiates and maintain sleep; treat symptoms of jet lag and insomnia