1. SADC Course in Statistics Risks and return periods Module I3 Sessions 8 and 9

2. Learning objectives From this session you should be able to: Generalise the 5-number summary to give any percentile, or risk level Explain risks in a variety of ways, to suit different users. Be able to interpret a cumulative frequency curve to specify values for a given risk, and risks for a given value.

3. Climate risks and other risks People have to take risks If they knew the size of the risk e.g. 1 year in 10 or 10% chance They would have the information To plan their action Without this information they have to guess often conservatively sometimes rashly Can we help? By interpreting the variability As statements of risk That people can use

4. Contents Activity 1: This presentation Activity 2: Peter Cooper interview climate risks Activity 3: Demonstration of risks in CAST Activity 4: Practical 1 the results from the interview learning about risks and return periods – CAST Activity 5: Practical 2 Calculating risks in Excel To estimate the chance of solar cooking Using sunshine data Activity 6: Review Summarising data well

5. From DFID key sheet 6 2004, www.dfid.gov.uk

6. Peter Cooper ICRISAT Linking current climatic variability (using the historical data) to climate change

7. Activity 2: Interview with Peter Cooper Particularly the points about data And risks for farmers Discussed on the next slides Watch the interview or use the transcript

8. Nitrogen recommended for maize (52kg/ha) –but not adopted Why not? –Too expensive and thought to be too risky. –We asked how much could farmers afford? –The answer was about 17kg N /ha Risk and returns analyses was done –by a crop simulation program (APSIM) –with 47 years of daily historical climate data To compare the risks –with no fertilizer, 17kg and 52kg An example of accelerated learning, using historical climate data (Masvingo, Zimbabwe)

9. An example of accelerated learning - results Fertilizer failed in a few years Sometimes it increased yields a little Usually it increased yields a lot

10. Probability or Rates of Return (how many years out of ten?) Impact: Extension Services, Fertilizer Traders and ICRISAT, recently successfully evaluated nitrogen micro-dosing with 200,000 farmers in Zimbabwe – still expanding. rate of return on 52 kg/ha rate of return on 17 kg/ha Result: Good probability of higher rate of return with lower inputs

11. Activity 3: Cast and risks Some risks have already been seen For example with boxplots See next slide CAST has a new chapter on risks and reurn periods Which we review here And then investigate in Practical 1 How should you phrase risks So they are easily understood

12. Starting points – some risks already Boxplots and risks – sessions 2/3

13. CAST and risks

14. Expressing risks in appropriate ways probability percentage rate

15. Exercises too!

16. Activity 4: Practical 1 Results from the Peter Cooper interview Then work on CAST Working in pairs To practice explanations to your partner If you can explain a topic and explain your reasoning Then you probably understand it

17. Solar cooking Case study:Sunshine data Module B1 Session 8 describes the problem Here we examine the risk of not having enough sun Data: The raw data has be made into variables for analysis But they are still available as in the Zambia rainfall data Objectives: Find proportion of days when cooking is possible Find whether sunshine early morning is related to this proportion So can you reduce the risk, by knowing the state of early part of the day?

18. Adopting a solar cooker The context Adopting a solar cooker depends on many things, some statistical, others not One statistical aspect What proportion of days can it be used? We therefore analyse the data to find out What is the risk? Then, use the ideas from Session 7 Can we reduce the unexplained variability? By using a related measurement, - early morning sunshine We can not reduce the risk But we can reduce the (last minute) risk And hence help people to be able to plan better

19. Activity 5: Practical 2 – Excel for risks Getting the summary Plotting the summary % of days with < 3hrs

20. Learning objectives From these sessions you should be able to: Generalise the 5-number summary to give any percentile, or risk level Explain risks in a variety of ways, to suit different users. Be able to interpret a cumulative frequency curve to specify values for a given risk, and risks for a given value.

21. Review Now you have the tools and skills to process –Factors (categorical or qualitative data) Using frequencies, proportions and percentages –Variates (quantitative data) Using means and medians And quartiles, extremes, standard deviations And proportions (risks), percentiles (return periods) You also know to use other measurements –to reduce the unexplained variation

22. Variability can partly be explained by the variety Variability shown graphically (Sessions 2/3)

23. Variation shown numerically (Sessions 4/5) You can interpret measures of variation including s.d. So are able to picture the data if given a summary

24. Limitations of each summary statistic, e.g.

25. Sessions 6/7: Reducing unexplained variation If it could be done as well as this, then seasonal forecasting would be in good shape! Overall variationVariation after forecast The Analysis of variance was introduced Showing both the variance and s.d. are used

26. Applying the information Swaziland crop cutting survey Further analysis to be done To examine the relationships between yield of maize and various inputs like fertilizer and variety What might cause variation? Perhaps early planting is an important variable? Currently it has not been measured In the future The discussions on explaining variation Are leading to its measurement from now on!

27. In Sessions 8 and 9 here we looked at risks Risks can be stated in different ways The cumulative frequency curve is to be interpreted

28. Next we see how all these summaries can be displayed in tables