1. CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES The Victorian Era: 1837 to 1901

2. A NEW SOCIAL ORDER THE UPPER CLASS Includes: super-rich industrial and business families as well as the old nobility THE UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS Includes: Midlevel business people and professionals THE LOWER MIDDLE CLASS Includes: Teachers, office workers, shopkeepers, and clerks THE LOWER CLASS Includes: Workers and peasants

3. MIDDLE CLASS VALUES  Strict code of etiquette governed social behavior.  Rules dictated how to dress for every occasion  Parents strictly supervised children.  These ideals rarely applied to the lower classes!

4. WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS  Pioneers of the women’s movement: Mary Wollstonecraft (Enlightened thinker) Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Political Activist) Susan B. Anthony (co-founder of Women’s Temperance Movement)  Women’s groups supported the temperance movement (a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages).  In the U.S., the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded that women be granted the right to vote (women’s suffrage).

5. CHANGES FOR WOMEN? In America and Europe:  Women could not vote.  Women were barred from most schools.  Women could not own property. Elsewhere:  In New Zealand, Australia and western territories of the United States, women were granted the right to vote.

6. NEW IDEAS IN SCIENCE  Atomic theory Developed by an English Quaker schoolteacher named John Dalton. Showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances.  Periodic table of elements Created by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev.  Age of the Earth Charles Lyell showed evidence that the Earth had formed over millions of years. Earth was older than previously thought.

7. CHARLES DARWIN  In 1859, British naturalist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species.  He argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years (evolution) To explain this, he put forward his theory of natural selection “Survival of the fittest”  Darwin’s theory ignited a debate between scientists and religious leaders.

8. SOCIAL DARWINISM  Social Darwinism Thinkers used Darwin’s theories to support their own beliefs about society Social Darwinism encouraged racism (the belief that one racial group is superior to another)