1. Other Reformations Zwingli, Calvin, and Protestant England

2. Zwingli and Zurich Switzerland –13 city-states; called cantons –Some broke with Catholic Church, some remained Catholic Zwingli –At twenty two became an ordained Priest –1517: called for religion based exclusively on the Bible –1518: attacked abuses: sale of indulgences –1519: Appointed “People’s Priest” –1520: Preach only what can be proven by scripture

3. Zwingli and Zurich 1523: Zurich Council officially adopted Zwingli’s reforms; first Protestant state outside of Germany –Removed all religious images, relics, and ornaments from the churches of the city Even organs were banished –Catholics denied some civic rights –Local functions of Catholic church are stopped

4. Zwingli’s Theology Single theme to his work –More strict and radical If the old or New Testament did not say something explicitly and literally, then no Christian should believe or practice it Causes two important shifts in Western religious experience –The Bible becomes similar to law –Standardized text If it is written in the Bible, it should be done exactly as written

5. Zwingli and Luther At first a strong supporter Luther not willing to give up ceremonies or practice literal reading of the scriptures Nature of the Eucharist –Luther: Bread and wine spiritually transformed to the body and blood of Christ – Zwingli: Eucharist only symbolized the body and blood of Christ Argument over the nature of Christ

6. Zwingli and Luther Threatened political alliances –Zwingli and Luther would have to agree about the nature of Christ in order for Protestants in Switzerland and Germany to be safe –Met in Marburg, October 1529 Discussions ended in failure Unification of various Protestant movements became impossible

7. Calvin Created a dominant pattern Originally a lawyer –Northern humanism Church reform focus Geneva –Primarily French speakers –1533: Reformers enter the city –1535: Became an official Protestant state Invited Calvin to build reformed church Most important work –Organization of church governance based on Bible principles

8. Calvin Strict moral code imposed on citizens –Literal reading of scriptures People of Geneva rebelled and exiled him and his followers in 1538 “The Institutes of the Christian Church” 1540: Invited back to Geneva –Incorporated church into city government

9. Calvin Strict moral code imposed on citizens –Literal reading of scriptures People of Geneva rebelled and exiled him and his followers in 1538 “The Institutes of the Christian Church” 1540: Invited back to Geneva –Incorporated church into city government Became safe haven for protestants from all over Europe

10. Calvin’s Thought Literal reading of scripture –Same as Zwingli Beyond Zwingli: Church, political, and social organization should also adhere to literal interpretation Division of Church organization –Pastors –Teachers –Elders –Deacons Predestination –Salvation pre-decided by God “elected” for slavation “Doctrine of the elect” or the “Doctrine of Living Saints” –Voluntary associations

11. Protestant England Overview –Retained many Catholic practices and doctrines –Experienced greatest wavering –Uncomfortable relations with Rome

12. Henry VIII Political manuever –Papal dispensation To marry then to divorce –Church would have to admit error –Charles V invaded Rome and captured Pope –Fired his advisor Cardinal Wolsey –Replaced by Cranmer and Cromwell »Sympathetic to Luther »Advised split with Rome »Make king head of English Church

13. Henry VIII 1529: Reformation Parliament 1533: Submission of the Clergy Act of Succession Not much change for average person –Six Articlesx Commitment to Catholic practices

14. Edward VI Protestant reformer –Repealled Six Articles –Allowed clergy to marry –Cranmers Book of Common Prayer –Images and alters banned

15. Mary Devoutly Catholic –Reverted to Catholic practices –Execution of protestant leaders Bloody Mary

16. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Compromise church –Repealed Catholic legislation, but did not promote austere Protestantism Excommunicated by Rome –Internal difficulties Assassination attempts Mary Queen of Scots –Personally Catholic –Scotland was Calvinist Legacy of Compromise –Retained important aspects of Catholicism –English Calvinists (Puritans) participated in Parliament and set up semiautonomous congregations Practiced Calvinism Recognized Queen as head of church