1. Resistance to Absolutism

2. Resistance Theory  Is there room to resist an king given that position by God?  Aristotle (384-322 BCE)  Augustine (354-430 CE)  Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 CE)  John Milton (1608-1674)  The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649)

3. John Milton (1649)

4. The Failure of Absolutism in England

5. Heir to the Budding Empire Elizabeth I (d. 1603) James I of England (r. 1603-1625)

6. James I of England (r. 1603-1625)  True Law of Free Monarchies (1579)  Gunpowder Plot  Guy Fawkes (5 November 1605)  Imposed taxes to deal with the debt (that he himself had incurred) but did not call parliament

7. The Gunpowder Plot

8. Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649)  Married Henrietta Maria, daughter of King Henry IV of France  refused to call Parliament  Engaged in war with Scotland  Over imposition of English Book of Common Prayer  Civil War 1642-1648  Puritans  Tried for “waging war on parliament” 1649  Executed for treason January 1649

9. The Execution of Charles I (1649)

10. Execution Order of Charles I English Civl War in Song

11. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658, September)  De facto control of England after Charles death though Parliament continued to meet  Led army to fight in Ireland, which had supported Charles  Becomes Lord Protector  Makes position hereditary

12. Cromwell’s End after Death…

13. The Glorious Revolution  James II (1685-1688)  Catholic  Placed Catholics in positions of authority in spite of Test Acts (1673)  Parliament responds  Invitation issued to William and Mary of Orange to “invade” England  James II flees to France  Institution of constitutional monarchy