1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 3: Cell Structures and their Functions

2. Cells and Tissues Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are the subunits of all living things  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  “All living things are made of cells”  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Anatomy of the Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are not all the same  Share general structures  Organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

4. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 1, 2

5. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 3

6. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5

7. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 6, 7

8. Plasma (Cell) Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Boundary for cell contents  2 Phospholipid layers (“bilayer”)  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  “Fluid mosaic” model

9. Plasma (Cell) Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thin, flexible, elastic  Selectively Permeable (semipermeable)  Other materials in plasma membrane  Protein  Cholesterol  Glycoproteins  Glycolipids

10. Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2

11. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

12. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

13. The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

14. The Nuclear Membrane Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.1b  Barrier of nucleus  A bi-layered phospholipid membrane  Contains pores

15. Nucleoli Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  One or more in nucleus  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes migrate to the cytoplasm Figure 3.1b

16. Chromatin Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Condenses to form chromosomes Figure 3.1b

17. Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

18. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

19. Membranous Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane (proteins) are formed

20. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

21. Membranous Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ER, con’t…  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  lacks ribosomes  tubular  Functions in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, detoxification

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

23. Membranous Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

24. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

25. Membranous Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest unusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

26. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

27. Membranous Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

28. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

29. Non-membranous Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

30. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

31. Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework

32. Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.6

33. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

34. Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

35. Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

36. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4