1. South Africa Background How united was South Africa up to 1880? D/C aim – to explain how united South Africa was in the 1870s B/A aim – to explain how united South Africa was and what obstacles it faced to unity Starter 1.How united was South Africa in 1860? 2.What problems might South Africa face? 3.What do the names of the places suggest about who owns them? Pink = Britain Orange = Boers Yellow = borders of land predominantly ruled by Africans Blank = land ruled by Africans If you are comfortable with this topic then please use the books to read and write notes about the background to the Boers, the British and the Zulus.

2. How united was the Union of South Africa? Themes – metropole and periphery, motives, accommodation and resistance Content – background, Rhodes, Zulu War, Boer War I and II, Peace of Vereeniging, Union of South Africa, motives Copy this onto a new divider

3. How united was South Africa up to 1880? D/C aim – to explain how united South Africa was in the 1870s B/A aim – to explain how united South Africa was and what obstacles it faced to unity Main events – what order do these go in? Dutch establish trading post in Cape Town Dutch begin to settle in South Africa English begin to establish their own trading posts and begin to settle Due to pressure on land, the British declaring slavery illegal that the Afrikaners depended on, and Afrikaners/British dislike the Great Trek begins, which is when the Afrikaners trekked to the North and East to find more land. They settled in the Transvaal, Natal and the Orange Free State.

4. Afrikaners. British. Black Slaves Zulus Khoikhoi Xhosa

5. Afrikaners. Dutch and French ancestry. Farmers, protestant, independent, saw themselves as white African. Didn’t like British interfering with their way of life. British. White settlers. Minerals and trade. Expanding Empire. Black Slaves Zulus Black African. Warriors. Keep land. Expand. Khoikhoi Xhosa

6. How united was South Africa up to 1880? D/C aim – to explain how united South Africa was in the 1870s B/A aim – to explain how united South Africa was and what obstacles it faced to unity Things contributing to unity Things causing disunity How united was South Africa? Very United Disunited

7. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus Note down words that you associate with the Zulus. Use the map, quotes and the picture to help you. ‘Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every independent chief hundreds of miles from him, who feels the desire that his colour shall previal. He soonert he root of the evil, which I consider to be the zulu power and military organisation, is dealt with, the easier our task will be.’ British Special Commissioner Shepstone. ‘I am glad to know the Transvaal is Engilsh ground; perhaps now there may be rest.’ Cetshwayo, King of the zulus, on hearing of the British annexation of the Transvaal

8. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus Policy of Confederation – early 1870s Britain hoped to unite its southern African colonies (the Cape and Natal), with the Boers states of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, into one country, under British supremacy In 1877 the British formally annexed the Transvaal. The Boers believed that the British had no reason not to respect the 1852 Sand River Convention, which was an agreement that both parties signed where the British stated they would always respect their independence. The Boers decided to wait, hold talks with the British and send their vice President Kruger to London. What did this policy of confederation mean for the Boers? What may it mean for the Zulus?

9. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus The British decided to annex Zululand for a combination of reasons. What do you think they may be? They are to do with Cetshwayo’s father, the mines, and the Boers. Shepstone had established agreements with the powerful Zulu warrior kingdom. However, new colonialists were trying to establish their position and taunted him for this. The British wanted to expand their policy of confederation to the Zulu kingdom for the possibility of more minerals, to access a new black African labour force, and to protect routes to the mines. Shepstone had reached an agreement with Cetshwayo’s father that the Zulus must give a strip of land in the North of Natal to the Boers as they had ancestral rights there. However, now that Cetshwayo had established power as a result of Civil War, he wanted to gain further support. He informed Britain that this agreement was no longer valid and that the Zulus would be maintaining their rule over this strip of land. 1.What underlying reasons were there for the growing possibility of confrontation?

10. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus Rorke’s Drift In December 1878 the Zulus were awarded the strip of land in Natal as the Boer’s could not produce any documentary proof that the former king had given it to them. However, the new British governor and high commissioner of the cape Frere gave them this news with an ultimatum valid for 30 days, that the Zulus must allow missionaries to be restored (although they had never actually been expelled!), the King must abolish his military system and that the King must accept a British Resident (that Zulu land became a protectorate). This was issued due to the Policy of Confederation, long running feud with the Zulus, Frere trying to establish himself in his new position, and Frere whipping up a press campaign to gain support. The Zulus refused as it would effectively have meant that Cetshwayo would have had to revoke his kingship. and 30 days later the British invaded in January 1879. The British set up camp at Rorke’s Drift and sent scouts and marched some men to go and defeat the Zulus. The Zulus left Ulandi, they defeated the British at Isandhlwana. They then went around the British, and awaiting in a ravine near Rorke’s Drift so that they could not be seen.

11. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus Rorke’s Drift Look at the picture and answer these questions. 1.What is happening to the British and Zulus at Rorke’s Drift? 2.Queen Victoria commissioned this painting, why would she have done this? 3.How may the painting be inaccurate? Only a handful of British men survived.

12. The Zulus D/C aim – to understand how the British conquered the Zulus B/C – to weight the different factors for the British conquering the Zulus Is this picture an accurate depiction of the Zulu war? Homework – due on Friday.

13. Why did the British want to conquer the Zulus? Reason 1 Reason 4 Reason 3 Reason 2 Draw a cross where you would be with an explanation.

14. The Zulus D/C aim – to understand how the British conquered the Zulus B/C – to weight the different factors for the British conquering the Zulus Battle of Isandhlwana - 22 January 1879 Rorke’s Drift – 23 January 1879 Battle of Ulundi - 4 July 1879 Key PlayersScore Use your handouts to fill in the key players and score.

15. How united was South Africa up to 1880? The Zulus Wolsley and annexation After the Zulus were defeated at the Battle of Uladni, despite it looking unlikely at times, Wolesely had to clean up the leftovers. Wolesely found King Cetshwayo, and had him packed off in a mule wagon for prison in Capte Town. Wolesley initially wanted to annex the Zulu kingdom, but the Disraeli cabinet was hesitant after the mess that Frere left them in – when they had ended up in a war that caused them embarassing defeats because of his ultimatum. Initially under pressure from the British government, Wolesley agreed to keep Zululand nominally free, but it was sliced up into 13 independent states which would each be ruled by a separate chief. He used a divide and rule tactic. Eventually as the chiefs fell into war against each other, which was almost inevitable, they appealed to the British to protect them, and Wolesley achieved his aim of establishing British rule over Zululand. C/D – how did the British eventually conquer Zululand? B/A – What different factors were there for the British conquering Zululand?

16. Which had a greater role - the metropole or the periphery? Give a reason in your answer. The policy of confederation The British and Zulus initially having an agreement The British and the Zulus going back on this agreement Frere issuing his ultimatum The British invading the Zulu kingdom in 1879 The British embarrassing defeat at Rorke’s Drift The British triumph at the Battle of Ulundi The British imprisoning Cetshwayo The British dividing up Zululand The British eventually annexing Zululand

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS8sHeFa koI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS8sHeFa koI