1. Civil vs. Common Law Civil Law Common Law
• Most industrial nations • U.S., Canada, UK
• Comprehensive code • Case precedents
• Clear, but often rigid • Confusing, flexible
• EU  subsidiarity • US  expanded Federal law
• Judges important • Lawyers important
• Corruption a problem • Over-litigation

2. Goals of Legal Systems The state = socialist law
Order and justice = common law &
civil law
Religious authorities = Islamic law

3. U.S. & International Law Unilateralism – Section 301, FCPA
Unilateralism – Section 301, FCPA
Bilateralism – Country to Country, tax
Regionalism – NAFTA, EU, APEC
Multilateralism – UN, NATO, WTO
       

4. U.S. & International Law Unilateralism Section 301 law on trade
        Unilateralism
  Section 301 law on trade
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Anti-trust laws
       

5. U.S. & International Law Bilateralism BIT and FCN treaties
BIT and FCN treaties
Country to country negotiations
Tax treaties

6. U.S. & International Law
        Regionalism
NAFTA
APEC
Tax treaties

7. U.S. & International Law Multilateralism UN WTO/GATTUN
WTO/GATT
conventions, treaties, protocols, agreements

8. Extraterritoriality - U.S. Laws
Extension of U.S. bribery Laws
  F.C.P.A.
Bribery vs. grease payments
Use of intermediaries (“consultants”)
Need for accounting
Corruption in the world

9. Extraterritoriality - U.S. Laws
Extension of political interests
 Boycotts
Protection: consumers, investors, exporters
  Focus on anti-competitive practices abroad
Foreign blocking laws

10. Extraterritoriality - U.S. Laws
Extension of political interests
 Boycotts
Arab League
U.S.: -Helms-Burton Law
Iran/Libya Sanctions Act
  Impact of boycotts (and reactions )
Protection: consumers, investors, exporters
 Focus on anti-competitive practices abroad
Foreign blocking laws

11. Extension of U.S. Trade Laws
Why?
force open foreign markets
  protect domestic firms from low-priced imports
 How?
  Section 301 to lower trade barriers
  Countervailing Duty Law to end export subsidies
  U.S. Antidumping laws to hinder home country price fixing

12. Extension of U.S. Trade Laws
Results?
Some markets opened
Retaliatory antidumping laws

13. U.S. Antidumping Law Prohibits predatory pricing of imports
  pricing of imports which is “unfair” or not at “normal value”:
- lower than cost
- lower than price at home
- lower than normal profit
 Goal: keep imports from being price competitive

14. U.S. Antidumping Law Impact:
U.S. consumers hurt, producers helped a little
Non-accused imports increase
Countries establish their own laws

15. Intellectual Property Rights
Copyright
Berne Convention: copyright protection
Uniform Copyright Convention: use of © to gain worldwide protection

16. Intellectual Property Rights
Patents
Patent Cooperation Treaty: single international patent application   
Paris Convention: patent protection

17. Intellectual Property Rights
Issues
U.S. first-to-invent vs. world first-to-file system
WTO TRIPS accord
  - national treatment
- 50 year copyrights
- trademark protection for well known marks
- 20 year patent protection
- trade secret protection

18. International Law Employment Models
Employment at Will Indefinite Employment
 • Common in U.S. • Common in EU, Japan, other countries
NB US employment laws are primarily determined by each state

19. International Law Employment Models
• Economic, arm’s length • Economic and social relationship between relationship, focus employer and employee on long-term
 • Quit and fire at will • Hard to fire easily
 • No severance pay • Often large severance required
 • Individual contracts or • Worker agreements union agreements common common

20. International Dispute Resolution
    
  Between countries
  • Negotiation
• Obey treaties and conventions
• Use force
   Trade disputes
  • WTO dispute panel
• Explosion of complaints

21. International Dispute Resolution
    
Private party disputes
litigation-forum shopping, choice of law clause
mediation/conciliation
Arbitration( binding or not)

22. International Dispute Resolution
    
       Enforcement of judgments
No requirements beyond borders for enforcement of litigation
Arbitral awards are enforced