1. Space Boot Camp 4.8: Collect and analyze data to identify sequences and predict patterns of change in shadows, tides, seasons, and the observable appearance of the Moon over time. (Supporting Standard) A. Coelho

2. 1. The graph below shows changes in the length of the shadow of a tree during part of a day: If this day continues to be sunny, what will most likely happen to the length of the shadow from 2P.M. to 4P.M.? A. The length of the shadow will stay the same. B. The length of the shadow will decrease and then increase. C. The length of the shadow will increase. D. The length of the shadow will decrease. STAAR 2013 #7; RC3; Supporting

3. 1. The graph below shows changes in the length of the shadow of a tree during part of a day: If this day continues to be sunny, what will most likely happen to the length of the shadow from 2P.M. to 4P.M.? A. The length of the shadow will stay the same. B. The length of the shadow will decrease and then increase. C. The length of the shadow will increase. D. The length of the shadow will decrease. STAAR 2013 #7; RC3; Supporting

4. 2. Tides on the Texas coast usually occur twice — A daily B weekly C monthly D yearly TAKS 2004—#21 (40%)

5. 2. Tides on the Texas coast usually occur twice — A daily B weekly C monthly D yearly TAKS 2004—#21 (40%)

6. 3. A student observed the apparent shape of the moon every night for a period of 60 days. On Day 10 the student observed a full moon. On which other day did the student most likely observe a full moon? A Day 20 B Day 30 CDay 40 D Day 50 2011—STAAR™ Released Test Questions, #8

7. 3. A student observed the apparent shape of the moon every night for a period of 60 days. On Day 10 the student observed a full moon. On which other day did the student most likely observe a full moon? A Day 20 B Day 30 CDay 40 D Day 50 2011—STAAR™ Released Test Questions, #8 **Because a full lunar cycle takes about 30 days – so 10 + 30 = 40

8. 4. The tilt of the Earth on its axis as it moves around the sun MOST affects the— Atiming of the tides Blength of a month Ccycle of the seasons Dphases of the moon

10. 5. Which phase of the moon would have been seen most recently BEFORE the phase shown in the picture below? AC BD Waxing Gibbous New Moon Third Quarter Full Moon First Quarter

11. 5. Which phase of the moon would have been seen most recently BEFORE the phase shown in the picture below? AC BD Waxing Gibbous New Moon Third Quarter Full Moon First Quarter

12. 6. Earth would not have seasons if— A it did not rotate B it was slightly closer to the sun C it was not tilted on its axis D it had more than one moon

14. 7. In Texas, it is warmer in summer than in winter because in summer— A Earth is closer to the sun B there are fewer clouds C Texas is tilted towards the sun D Texas is tilted away from the sun

16. 8. What causes the phases of the moon? A The Earth orbiting the moon B The sun reflecting the moon C The moon rotating on its axis D The moon orbiting the Earth

18. 9. Seasons result from the Earth’s— Arotation on its axis while orbiting the sun Btilt on its axis as it orbits the sun Cdistance from the sun during its orbit Datmosphere changing during its orbit

20. 10. What season would it be in McKinney if it is summer in South America? ASummer BAutumn CWinter DSpring

22. 11. What change in the night sky occurs about every 28-30 days? AAn eclipse of the moon BAn eclipse of the sun CThe phases of the moon DThe orbit of the Earth

24. 12. Which is the correct order of the moon phases? A 1, 2, 3, 4 B 2, 3, 4, 1 C 3, 2, 1, 4 D 4, 3, 2, 1

26. 13. Which of the following cycles takes about twenty-eight days to complete? A The seasonal cycle B The carbon cycle C The water cycle D The lunar cycle

28. 14. About how long will it take the Earth to move from Point B to Point A in the diagram? A3 hours B3 days C3 months D3 years

29. **Since there are 12 months in a year – divide 12 by 4 and you get 3 months**

30. 15. Which of the following cycles takes about 28 days to complete? AThe Earth revolving around the sun B The moon rotating once on its axis CThe Earth rotating once on its axis DThe moon revolving around the Earth

32. 16. The moon’s gravitational pull is responsible for the Earth’s— Aatmosphere Btemperature Cocean tides Dnight and day

34. 17. Motions in the oceans caused by gravity are called— Atides Bwaves Ccurrents Dupwellings

36. 18. If it is spring in South America, what season is it in North America? ASpring BSummer CAutumn DWinter

38. 19. What phase of the moon will come next? AC Waxing CrescentThird Quarter BD Waxing GibbousNew Moon ? Full Moon Waning Gibbous

39. 19. What phase of the moon will come next? AC Waxing CrescentThird Quarter BD Waxing GibbousNew Moon ? Full Moon Waning Gibbous

40. 20. The Earth’s axis tilts at an angle of 23 ½ degrees from vertical. This tilt and the rotation of the Earth on its axis as it revolves around the sun is responsible for – Athe rock cycle Bthe water cycle Cthe weather Dthe seasons

42. 21. The lunar cycle is— Athe repeating phases of the moon Bprecipitation that falls on the moon Cthe difference between day and night Dthe rotation of the moon on its axis

44. 22. Summer is warmer than winter because— Athe Earth tilts toward the sun in summer Bthe moon is higher in the sky in summer Cthe Earth is closer to the sun in summer Dthe sun shines brighter in the summer

46. 23. The tilt of Earth’s axis helps to create which of the following? ADay and night BThe changing seasons CThe revolution of the Earth DThe phases of the moon

48. 24. Why do we see phases of the moon? AThe Earth’s shadow on the moon changes over the month. BThe distance to the moon changes slightly as it revolves around the Earth. CThe part of the moon’s sunlit side that we can see from Earth changes. DSometimes no part of the moon reflects light from the sun.

50. 25. In Texas, summer occurs in July and winter occurs in January. Which of the following BEST describes the difference between January and July? AEarth is closer to the sun in July than in January. B Earth is closer to the sun in January than in July. CThe Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun in July. DThe Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun in January.

52. 26. Which of these is the MOST LIKELY cause of tides on the Earth? AThe gravitational pull of the Sun B The gravitational pull of the moon CThe movement of water in the ocean DWind on the surface of the ocean

54. The diagram below shows the relative positions of Earth and the sun for each of the four seasons. Because Earth’s is an ellipse—not a circle—it is about 2 million miles closer the Sun in the winter than in the summer. 27. If the Earth is closer to the sun in winter, why is Texas colder in the winter than in the other seasons? AThe sun releases less energy in winter. B The Eastern Hemisphere faces the sun during the winter. CThe moon is between the sun and the Earth during winter. DThe Northern Hemisphere is pointed away from the sun in the winter.

56. 28. Scientists use sensors that measure the angle of the Earth’s tilt. Which of the following could they determine by the direction of the Earth’s tilt? AWhen the next lunar eclipse will be B What seasons are occurring on Earth CWhat time of day is occurring on Earth DWhen a meteor shower will fall to Earth

58. 29. At what point on the diagram above would it be winter in Houston? APoint A BPoint B CPoint C DPoint D

60. 30. The Earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days. At the point in the Earth’s orbit pictured above, which season is it in the Northern Hemisphere? AFall BWinter CSpring DSummer

62. 31. Which occurs as a result of Earth’s tilt on its rotating axis? AMovement of the tides BPrevalent or trade winds CSeasonal changes in the climate DLight and dark changes of day and night

64. Maps of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres are shown below. 32. Which two cities will have summer at about the same time of year? ASydney and Tokyo BTokyo and Buenos Aires CBuenos Aires and New York DNew York and Tokyo

66. 33. Why are the sun’s rays more direct in the northern hemisphere in the summer? AThe Earth is closer to the sun in the summer. BThe North Pole is tilted toward the sun. CThe South Pole is tilted toward the sun. DThe Earth rotates more slowly in the summer.

68. 34. The gravitational pull of the moon causes the daily rising and falling of the ocean waters that we call— AA tropical depression B A tsunami CSalinity DTides

70. 35. Which sentence below explains why we see the phases of the Moon? AThe moon is a large planet. BThe moon revolves around the Earth. CThe moon is covered with many craters. DThe moon revolves around the Sun.

72. 36. Why does the moon have more effect on the tides on Earth than the sun has? AThe moon is more dense than the sun. BThe moon is in motion in space, while the sun is not. CThe moon is larger than the sun. DThe moon is nearer to the Earth than the sun.

74. The amount of direct sunlight the Northern Hemisphere receives changes throughout the year. The diagram below shows Earth revolving around the Sun. 37. In which month will the Northern Hemisphere receive the GREATEST amount of direct sunlight? AMarch BJune CSeptember DDecember

76. 38. A student takes a trip to Central America during the winter holidays. He finds out that the temperature in Central America is about the same year round. Which of the following could explain why? ACentral America is near the North Pole. BCentral America is near the South Pole. CCentral America is near the equator. DCentral America is near sea level.

78. 39. What phase of the moon will come next in the sequence shown above? A B C D

80. 40. Why is a new moon difficult to see in the night sky? AIt is invisible. BIt is hidden behind Mercury. CIt is in the Earth’s shadow. DThe side of the moon that is not lighted by the Sun faces the Earth

82. 41. Which picture shows a first quarter moon? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

84. 42. The motion of the ocean caused by the pull of gravity from the moon is called— Acurrents Bsurf Ctides Dwaves

86. 43. When it is summer in the United States, it is winter in Brazil. What causes the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth to experience seasons at different times? AThe Earth tilts on its axis. BThere is more sunlight at the equator. CThere are more winds north of the equator. DIt takes the Earth about 365 days to orbit the sun.

88. 44. The lunar cycle is completed in about a month because – Athe moon rotates once on its axis in a month BEarth revolves once around the sun in a month Cthe sun makes one full orbit in a month Dthe moon revolves once around the Earth

90. 45. In what direction does the Earth always tilt? ATowards the North Pole BTowards the South Pole CTowards the North Star DTowards the South Star

92. 46. If it is summer in the southern hemisphere, what season is it in the Northern Hemisphere? ASummer BAutumn CWinter DSpring

94. 47. Scientists might look for patterns in all of the following EXCEPT— Ahigh and low tides Bthe life cycle of a beetle Cthe weather on a single day Dthe phases of the moon

96. 48. As the moon revolves around the Earth, different phases are visible. The pattern of phases is called— Athe stages of the moon Bthe lunar cycle Cthe life cycle of the moon Dthe changes to the moon

98. 49. The time between today’s sunrise and tomorrow’s sunrise would be about— A29 days B365 days C12 hours D24 hours

100. 50. A mother purchased a heavy jacket for her son on a 100°F August day. She made the purchase because she knows that— ATexas weather is unpredictable and very cold temperatures are common all year round Bseasons change at about the same time each year and the temperature becomes colder during winter Cseasons change every month or so and the temperature becomes colder during winter Dseasons change on exactly the same day every other year and winter temperatures are colder

102. 51. A student has been observing the moon every three days. On the seventh day, the moon could not been seen because of clouds. Which of these shows what the moon probably looked like on that day? AC BD ? Day 1 Day 4 Day 7 Day 10 Day 13

103. 51. A student has been observing the moon every three days. On the seventh day, the moon could not been seen because of clouds. Which of these shows what the moon probably looked like on that day? AC BD ? Day 1 Day 4 Day 7 Day 10 Day 13