2. I) Ancient History A)Phoenicians are the first accomplished sea travelers in the West

3. I) Ancient History B)Polynesians were the first regular, long- distance, open ocean seafarers

4. I) Ancient History C)Greeks 1)Pytheas a)Predicted tides by studying the moon b)Figured out how far north or south one was by using the North Star 384-322 BC

5. I) Ancient History C)Greeks 2)Eratosthenes a)Calculated Earth’s circumference b)Invented the first latitude / longitude system 264-194 BC

7. I) Ancient History C)Greeks 3)Aristotle a)1 st marine biologist b)Described many forms of sea life 384-322 BC

8. I) Ancient History C)Greeks 4)Ptolemy a)1 st sphere map on flat paper b)Improved latitude & longitude system 384-322 BC

9. I) Ancient History D)Latitude & Longitude: 1)Latitude a)Parallel lines running east / west b)Equator = 0 O c)Poles = 90 O d)Above equator = North e)Below equator = South

10. I) Ancient History D)Latitude & Longitude: 1)Longitude a)Intersecting Lines that begin at one pole and end at other b)Prime Meridian = 0 O c)Opposite side = 180 O d)Right of Prime Meridian = East e)Left of Prime Meridian = West

11. II) Middle Ages A.Vikings: 1)Raided, explored, & traded between 790 A.D. - 1100 2)Leif Eriksson discovers Vinland & North America 995 AD

12. II) Middle Ages B)Arabs 1)Voyaged to E Africa, SE Asia, & India 2)Figured out wind patterns & currents (including monsoons)

13. II) Middle Ages C)Chinese 1)Traded routes with Japan, Korea, & Australia by 1000 AD 2)First people to understand magnetism & use compasses 3)Developed central rudders & watertight compartments

14. III) European Voyages of Discovery 1451 – 1506 AD A)Columbus: a)Rediscovers America in 1492

15. III) European Voyages of Discovery 1480 – 1521 AD B)Magellan: 1)First person to sail around the world

17. IV) Birth of Marine Science 1728 - 1779AD A)James Cook: 1)Explored all the oceans and began making scientific observations 2)Chronometer: clock that isn’t affected by waves, allowing one to accurately determine longitude

18. IV) Birth of Marine Science B) Edward Forbes 1)Dredged ocean floor & discovered new sea creatures 2)Father of modern oceanography 1815 – 1854 AD

19. IV) Birth of Marine Science C) U.S. Exploring Expedition 1)AKA: Wilkes Expedition 2)Five ships that explored the southern Atlantic & Pacific oceans 3)Included scientists & illustrators 1838– 1842 AD

20. IV) Birth of Marine Science D) Matthew Maury 1)Father of Physical Oceanography 2)U.S. naval officer 3)The Physical Geography of the Sea 4)Among 1 st to envision worldwide patterns for surface winds and currents 1806– 1873 AD

21. IV) Birth of Marine Science E) Charles Darwin 1)Studied plankton & described the formation of coral reef atolls 1809 – 1882 AD

22. IV) Birth of Marine Science F)Challenger Expedition 1)Sea voyage lasting 4 years 2)Gathered biological, chemical, geological & physical data 3)Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Marianas Trench & over 4700 new species 4)50+ volumes (29,500 pages); taking 23 years to publish

23. V) Modern Marine Biology A)Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (Massachusetts) is established (1888)

24. V) Modern Marine Biology B)The Scripps Institution of Oceanography is established (La Jolla, CA - 1924)

25. V) Modern Marine Biology C)Meteor (1925-Germany) 1)Crossed Atlantic 14X, gathering biological, chemical, geological, & physical data D)Atlantis (1931-USA) 1)1 st ship designed & built for ocean exploration

26. V) Modern Marine Biology E)Challenger II (1951-U.K.) 1)Used SONAR to map ocean floor a)WWII: for sub hunting b)Based on the detection of underwater echoes c)Allowed accurate mapping of oceanic floors

27. V) Modern Marine Biology F)Submersibles: 1)William Beebe & Otis Barton develop bathysphere a)Dove over 2000 feet off Bermuda in 1932

28. V) Modern Marine Biology F)Submersibles: 2)Deepest diving bathyscaphe a) Trieste dives to bottom Challenger Deep (36000 feet)

29. V) Modern Marine Biology G)Hard Hat Diving 1)Developed by Augustus Siebe 2)Good for underwater labor, limited for underwater research

30. V) Modern Marine Biology H)SCUBA: self contained underwater breathing apparatus 1)Developed after WWII by Emile Gagnan & Jacques Cousteau 2)First time one could study directly in the marine environment

31. V) Modern Marine Biology I)Modern Scientific Ships (FLIP) J)Submarines

32. V) Modern Marine Biology K)Satellites L)Remote Sensing

33. V) Modern Marine Biology M)Critter cams

34. V) Modern Marine Biology N)Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)

35. V) Modern Marine Biology O)Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)

36. V) Modern Marine Biology P)Global Positioning System (GPS)