1. Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)

2. Origins, Objectives & Doctrines James Banks

3. Increase of Infrastructure Ousting of foreign oil companies & Nigerian Military “Operation Barbarossa” Joint ownership of oil industry in the Niger Delta Social Equality Doctrine & Objectives

4. Origins Oil boom in 1970 Arrest of Governor Diepreye Alamieyeseigha in 2005 Arrest of Alhaji Asari-Dokubo in 2005 Arrest of Chief Ebitimi Banigo

5. Origins Continued Arrests led to first attacks in 2005 Multiple militant groups decided to pool resources together

6. Conclusion Will MEND reach its objectives? Some, but not all

7. MEND: Leadership James Freeman Unclear by design Umbrella Organization Amnesty deals Imprisoned or dead

8. Henry Okah One founder Several arrests Imprisonment in Nigeria and South Africa

9. Gbomo and Boyloaf Gbomo is the spokesperson Actual Identity unknown Boyloaf commander of Central MEND Accepted Amnesty deal in 2012

10. Umbrella Organization Each group has its leader No evidence of central leadership currently

11. MEND: Support, Finances and Recruitment Stephanie Boehles

12. Support and Strength Popular community support and sympathy An “idea”not an organization Joint Revolutionary Council International sympathy

13. Recruitment and Membership Exact numbers are unknown Ethnic majority Ijaw Unemployed, educated youths Local community groups Other regional groups

14. Finances Self funded Oil bunkering Kidnapping/ ransom Security

15. MEND’s Strategies, Methods & Targets Eugenia Kowalchuk Attacks on oil infrastructure Kidnaping of oil personnel Reducing Nigeria’s oil export capacity Increasing crude oil prices Participation of the Nigerian people in oil production activities Increased quality of life of Nigerian citizens

16. Types of Aggressions ●Attacks on oil infrastructure ○Pipelines ○Transfer stations ○Oil vessels ●Most attacks perpetrated in the oil rich south region

17. Types of Aggressions (cont.) ●Kidnapping of oil personnel ●Non-violence towards civilians ●Negotiating partners

18. Purpose of Aggressions ●Reduce Nigeria’s oil export capacity ●Increase crude oil prices Goal Increase participation of the Nigerian people in oil production activities in order to increase the quality of life of Nigerian citizens.

19. Success? Not the overall goal, but... Oil output went down by 25% Increase in oil prices

20. CounterTerrorism Ryan Neilson 3 Key Players 1.Nigerian Government 2.Royal Dutch Shell 3.United Nations

21. Nigerian Government Initial aggressive approach o “Kill them all” “force for force” o Joint Task Force New President Umaru Yar’Adua in 2007 o Policy change o Led to Amnesty offer in 2009

22. Royal Dutch Shell Paramilitary Use o Armed Security o Helicopters Does not directly use Nigerian Soldiers

23. United Nations Minimal Role No Peacekeepers United Nations Development Program Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force -

24. Conclusion Some counterterrorism methods were more effective than others. 1.UN defined their role as more of a moderator 2.Initial Nigerian Response was ineffective 3.Amnesty for rebels was mostly successful 4.Royal Dutch Shell continues its interest in the region with caution