1. Chapter 13: Energy

2. Renewable Energy Types -Solar energy directly from the sun or indirectly from: -Wind -Moving water -Biomass -Geothermal Energy Renewable energy provides, only 8% of the worlds energy If subsidies and tax breaks were removed from non-renewable energy today, then by, 2050, 50% of the earth’s energy could come form renewable sources.

3. Using Solar Energy to Heat Water and Houses Passive solar heating system Heat is allowed in through large ‘superwindows’ facing the direction of the sun, then stored in the structure’s masonry. Active solar heating system Uses heat absorbing liquids pumped to solar collectors outside, then pumped back though the house.

4. Cooling Buildings Naturally Living roofs Lightly colored roofs that can reflect up to 80% of light High-efficiency windows

5. Solar Thermal Systems These systems concentrate and transform energy from the sun into high temperature thermal energy Examples: -Central Receiver System: computer controlled heliostats concentrate sunlight on a heat collecting tower to produce steam to drive a turbine. -Solar cooker: used to concentrate heat to cook food and purify water.

7. Solar Cells Advantages Safe/quiet Little maintenance No pollution when operating Works on cloudy days Disadvantages Currently expensive Contains toxic material. Fossil fuels used in production High land use -Photovoltaic (PV) cells made of thin slates of silicon with traces of metals, emit electrons when sunlight passes through them.

8. Hydropower Uses kinetic energy of flowing and falling water to produce electricity. Most common method is the use of large dams to create reservoirs, whose water is then slowly released though the dam turning a turbine and creating energy.

9. Wind Turbines located on land or at sea convert wind into electricity It has been estimated that only 1/5 of the wind energy from the world’s best sites could create 7 times more electricity than the world currently consumes.

10. Wind Advantages Mostly pollution free Low cost compared to other energy producers. Little land use Disadvantages Needs steady winds Noise pollution Unsightly Disrupts bird migration if not placed correctly Some pollution in construction

11. Biomass Plant material and animal waste that can be burned directly as solid biofuel or converted into liquid Biofuels 95% of energy use in the poorest countries Destroys biodiversity when forests are destroyed for biofuels and biomass plantations can deplete nutrient- rich soil with overuse. The burning of biofuels releases CO2 and destroying forests reduces vegetation that could capture CO2.

12. Liquid Biofuels Created From Plants Unlike gasoline and diesel fuel, Biofuels are not concentrated in a few countries, eliminating reliance on foreign fuel sources. Biofuels can be used in pre-existing vehicles with only small alterations. Examples; Biodiesel, Ethanol

13. Biodiesel Advantages Reduced CO2 emissions Better gas mileage High net energy yield for oil palm crops Disadvantages Increase NOx emissions and smog Higher cost than diesel Low net energy yield for soybean crops Loss of biodiversity Biodiesel is produced from the oil and fats of vegetables.

14. Ethanol Advantages High octane Reduce in CO2 (sugarcane) High net energy yield (sugarcane) Can be mixed with gasoline or ethanol Disadvantages Low net energy yield (corn) Higher CO2 emissions (corn) Higher cost May increase food prices Created by converting starch in plants into sugars which are then processed into Ethanol

15. Geothermal Energy Geothermal Heat Pump: During the winter a closed loop of buried pipes filled with fluids circulates heat from the ground into a building. The system does the opposite during the summer storing heat below ground. Tapping into Hydrothermal Reservoir: Hot water underground is pumped to the surface where it is used to heat houses or to spin turbines Heat stored in soil, underground rocks and liquids in the earth’s mantle

16. Geothermal Energy Advantages Very high efficiency Lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels Low cost at favorable sights Low land use and disturbances Disadvantages Scarcity of suitable sights Can be depleted if used too rapidly CO2 emissions Noise and ordor

17. Hydrogen Currently hydrogen fuel cells combine oxygen with hydrogen to produce electricity and water vapor. Produces more energy per gram than does any other fuel and does not produce CO2 Hydrogen effects on the environment depends on the chemical system used to split it from water. Current fuel cells are too expensive for commercial use

18. How Can We Make a Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future? Step 1 Switch from large centralized macropower systems to smaller decentralized micropower system. Step 2 The temporary use of natural gas to transition to locally available energy resources. Step 3 Continue to use fossil fuels in large quantities but do so more efficiently.

19. How the Government Can Help Step 1 Keep prices on renewable resources artificially low. Step 2 Keep prices of non-renewable resources artificially high. Step 3 Emphasize consumer education

20. Nuclear Energy Task: Boil water to produce steam that spins a turbine and generate electricity. Uses nuclear fission reaction to provide heat –Takes place in reactor –Highly inefficient Fuel for reactor is made from uranium ore mined from earth’s crust.

21. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Three steps –Mining of uranium –Using uranium in reactor –Safely storing the resulting highly radioactive waste for thousands of years until radioactivity falls to safe levels.

22. Advantages of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Large fuel supply Low environmental impact—without accidents. Emits 1/6 as much CO 2 as coal Not a lot of land accidents or water pollution. Low risk of accidents with safety systems.

23. Disadvantages of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Can’t compete economically without huge government subsidies. Low net energy yield Risk of catastrophic accidents No acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive waste Subject to terrorist attacks/spreads knowledge for building nuclear weapons.

24. Dealing with Radioactive Waste 10 years after being removed from a reactor, a spent-fuel assembly would still emit enough radiation to kill a person standing 1 meter away in less than 3 mins. Consensus that burial is the safest and cheapest method. Shoot wastes into space or the sun? Bottom Line: No agreement whatsoever

25. Nuclear Fusion Two isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures until fused together releasing energy in the process. Advantages –No risk of meltdown, or large release of radioactive materials from terrorist attack, and supplies electricity. Still in laboratory stage.

26. Energy Efficiency Important energy resource US could save as much as 43% of all energy it uses by improving the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, and buildings. Roughly 84% of all commercial energy is US is wasted.

27. Solutions to Reducing Energy Waste Prolongs fossil fuel supplies Reduces oil imports—improves energy security Very high net energy yield Low cost Reduces pollution Creates local jobs

28. We can Save Energy and Money in Industry Cogeneration: two useful forms of energy (such as steam and electricity) are produced from the same fuel source. Replacing energy-wasting electric motors would help (it consumes ¼ of the electricity produced in the US) Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to high-efficiency fluorescent lighting.

29. We can Save Energy and Money in Transportation Accounts for 2/3 of US oil consumption –Low fuel efficiency standards Government can give consumers tax breaks or other economic incentives for more fuel-efficient vehicles.

30. We Can Design Buildings that Save Energy and Money Better architecture and energy savings in buildings could save 30-40% of the energy used globally. Green building certification standards in 21 countries.

31. We can Save Energy and Money in Existing Buildings Insulate the building and plug leaks Use energy efficient windows Heat houses more efficiently Heat water more efficiently User energy-efficient appliances Use energy-efficient lighting.

32. Sources of Energy Fossil fuels supply most of our commercial energy Almost all of the energy that heats the earth and our buildings comes from the sun at no cost to us. The three indirect solar energy is wind, hydropower and biomass

33. Commercial Energy Comes from extraction and burning nonrenewable resources obtained from the earths crust 92% of the worlds energy comes from these sources 86% from carbon containing fossil fuels 6% from nuclear power The remaining 8% comes from renewable resources

35. Fossil Fuels We depend heavily on oil Petroleum or crude oil is a black, gooey liquid that consists for different combustible hydrocarbons The petroleum is then sent to a refinery to be separated into different components with different boiling points and this is called refining

36. How Long Will Crude Oil Last? The amount of barrels crude oil used each day would stretch from end to end circling the equator twice Crude oil reserves will be 80% depleted between 2050 and 2100

37. Three Options 1. Look for more oil 2. Use and waste less oil 3. Find other energy sources

38. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries They control most of the worlds crude oil supply at about 78% of it Members: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Saudi Arabia has most of it at 20% Canada is second with 16%

39. United States We use much more oil than we produce We produce about 9% of the world Crude oil and use about 25% of it We also only have 2% of the worlds oil reserves This results in a massive annual transfer of wealth from the United States to oil- producing countries

40. Tar Sand and Oil Shale Tar sand is a mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material with a high sulfur content. Oil shale are products from oily rocks Both of these are potential supply's of heavy oil

41. Clean Oil Campaign The U.S. coal industry is rich and politically powerful. For decades it has fought to preserve its profits by opposing measures such as stricter air pollution standards for coal burning In reality there is no such thing as clean coal

42. Convert Coal into Gaseous and Liquid Fuels Solid coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas process called coal gasification