1. The Molecular Basis of Heredity Chapter 16

2. Learning Target 1 I can explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material.

3. Protein as the genetic material?  T.H. Morgan – fruit flies  Discovered genes as part of chromosomes  Chromosomes made of protein and DNA  Protein?  More known  Diverse structures  Specificity of function  DNA?  Little known  Seemed too uniform to be the genetic code of all life

4. Learning Target 2 I can summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists and identify the evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

6. Learning Target 3 I can describe the structure of DNA, explain the base-pairing rule, and describe its significance.

7. DNA Structure

8. Anti-parallel Structure  Sugar carbons are numbered 1’-5’  One side of DNA runs in the 3’ direction  The other side runs in the 5’ direction  This is important to replication

9. Learning Target 4 I can describe the semiconservative model of replication and the significance of the experiments by Meselson and Stahl.

10. DNA Replication  Making DNA from existing DNA  Semi-conservative  At the end of DNA replication, each daughter molecule has one old strand (from the parent DNA) and one new strand (synthesized during replication)  Model proposed by Meselson and Stahl

11. Meselson & Stahl

12. Learning Target 5 I can describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of the origins of replication and replication forks.

13. DNA Replication  Step 1:  Helicases unwind DNA at origin of replication by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases  Replication bubble forms as two parental strands separate  Replication fork forms at end of each replication bubble

14. DNA Replication  Step 2:  Single-strand binding proteins hold the unpaired DNA strands apart while new DNA strands are being synthesized  Topoisomerase protein binds to parental DNA to relieve strain untwisting puts on replication fork

15. DNA Replication  Step 3:  Primase creates a short RNA primer that binds to the parent DNA to signal DNA polymerase III where to begin adding nucleotides  RNA primer will later be replaced with DNA nucleotides

16. DNA Replication  Step 4:  DNA Polymerase III adds nucleotides to exposed bases in 5’-3’ direction at the RNA primer  Leading strand  Produced continuously in 5’-3’ direction  Elongation moves towards replication fork  Lagging strand  Produced in pieces  Okazaki fragments  Elongation moves in opposite direction of replication fork (5’-3’)

17. DNA Replication  Step 5:  Lagging strand is completed as DNA ligase seals Okazaki fragments

19. Proofreading & Repair  Initial error rate in replication is 1 in 100,000 nucleotides  DNA polymerases proofread and correct errors  Error rate in completed replication is 1 in 10 billion bases

20. Mismatch Repair  For that 1 in 10 billion errors that escapes DNA polymerase or are due to environmental mutations  Many enzymes involved  Cut out damaged section (nuclease)  Replace with new nucleotides (DNA polymerase)  Seal in place (DNA ligase)

21. Learning Target 6 I can describe the structure and function of telomeres.

22. Telomeres  As cells divide, chromosomes erode after multiple DNA replications  Telomeres  End caps of non-coding DNA that protect the coding genes on the chromosomes  Think of the plastic pieces on the ends of your shoelaces  These sequences shorten after each round of replication so the actual genes do not  Part of aging process?

23. Telomerase  Enzyme that lengthens the ends of telomeres in germ cells (give rise to gametes)  Prevents loss of critical genes in zygote  Cancer cells have mechanisms that activate telomerase to allow unlimited division without loss of DNA