1. ANCIENT EGYPT
Herodotus
“Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

2. ONLY “WONDER OF ANCIENT WORLD” THAT STILL EXISTS
PYRAMIDS
ONLY “WONDER OF ANCIENT WORLD” THAT STILL EXISTS
+100 STILL EXIST
WEST SIDE OF NILE

3. Step Pyramid
“staircase to the stars”

4. Red Pyramid

5. “Bent” Pyramid

6. Avg. weight of a stone - 2.5 tons
GIZA “Great” Pyramid
481’ high
2.3 million stones
Avg. weight of a stone tons
20-30 years to build

7. The Valley of the Kings
+60 buried

8. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
VALLEY of the QUEENS
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

9. EGYPTIAN RELIGION Polytheism Pharaohs = god
took form of “Horus” [“protector of Egypt”] when ruling
son of “Re” (Sun god)
took form of “Osiris” at death (“god of underworld”)
at death, life weighed against “Feather of MAAT”
MAAT – truth, justice, order, right living
provided “moral” base
”KA” = “Eternal Spirit”
Believed to continue ruling Egypt in afterlife
“Ka” needed the physical body to survive in afterlife
Mummies

10. The heart beat differently when emotions/thoughts changed
MUMMIes
Anubis – god of embalming
removed all organs (Canopic Jars), except the heart
Felt heart controlled wisdom, knowledge, emotions (“CPU”)
--Why would Egyptians feel it was the heart and not the brain?
70 days
“Hired Mourners”
“Opening of the Mouth” Cermony
priest touched mouth which restored the senses
beginning of “Journey to the Afterlife”
The heart beat differently when emotions/thoughts changed

11. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I BC
Ramses II B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E.

12. Preparation for the Afterlife

13. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

14. EGYPTIAN UNDERWORLD “Heart of the Two Truths”
“Book of the Dead”
”passport” through dangers of underworld
”Solar Bark”
“Heart of the Two Truths”
Anubis weighed the heart (body’s dvd recorder) against “feather of MAAT”
Scarab beetle placed on heart to prevent it from testifying against the person
Chapter 30 from the Book of the Dead: “O my heart which I had upon earth, do not rise up against me as a witness in the presence of the lord of things; do not speak against me concerning what I have done, do not bring up anything against me in the presence of the great god of the west...“
-if judged as sinner = “Devourer of Souls”
“Ankh”
sign of life

15. BEGINNING OF FIRST DYNASTY
Menes: United Egypt
3050 BC
BEGINNING OF FIRST DYNASTY
PHARAOH = GOD
Responsible for well-being of Egypt
THEOCRACY

16. OLD KINGDOM “Pyramid Age”
Egyptian history divided into 3 time periods:
Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom
OLD KINGDOM “Pyramid Age”
Time: BC – 2150 BC # of dynasties 4
Accomplishments: Pyramid building
Strong Central Government
Strong Economy
Stronger Arts
Most peaceful time period

17. 1st ILLNESS Reason for collapse of Old Kingdom:
Time: 2150 BC – 2040 BC # of dynasties: 4
Reason for collapse of Old Kingdom:
1)Poor flooding of the Nile River
Pharaoh could not improve
Power of pharaoh decreased
Power of Nomarchs increased
powerful nobles

18. MIDDLE KINGDOM Time: 2040 BC – 1640 BC # of dynasties: 3
Accomplishments: Pharaohs power
-weakened nomarchs
Nile flooded better
Re-United Egypt
-Mentuhotep II (2nd founder)
Building Campaign
Stronger Economy
Commoners had afterlife

19. These helped strengthen and “modernize” Ancient Egypt
2nd ILLNESS
Time: 1640 BC – 1550 BC # of dynasties: 4
Reason for fall of Middle Kingdom:
1)Invasion by Hyksos
allowed Pharaohs to continue ruling
more concerned with “Tribute”
a)bronze
b)war from chariots
c)better bow/arrow
d)new spinning/weaving
e)Nationalism
These helped strengthen and “modernize” Ancient Egypt

20. NEW KINGDOM Time: 1550 BC – 1070 BC # of dynasties: 12
Accomplishments: 1)King Ahmose kicked Hyksos out of Egypt
2)Re-United Egypt
3)Very militaristic
4)Empire building
5)Extreme wealth/prosperity
6)Massive building campaign
7)Pharaohs tombs placed in “Valley of the Kings”

21. “NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS
Thutmose I BC – 1492 BC
expanded Egyptian borders
”Hammer of the Nubians”
hung the Nubian king from prow of his ship
1st to have tomb in “Valley of the Kings”
Queen Hatshepsut – 1518 BC – 1484 BC
female pharaoh (Sobeknefru – 1st)
dressed like a man – wore beard
increased trade/economy
avoided war
tremendous building program

22. “NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS
Thutmose III – 1479 BC – 1425 BC
”Napoleon of Egypt”
Egyptian Empire reached its largest
pierced ears
Akhenaton – 1352 BC – 1334 BC
”Heretic King” – changed religion to monotheism
Aton was only god
looked like a female
everything associated with Akhenaton was destroyed after his death

23. “NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS
Tutankamen (King Tut) – 1333 BC – 1325 BC
”Boy King” (age 9)
Re-established polytheism
1922 – Howard Carter found his tomb
Valley of the Kings
”Curse of King Tut”

24. “King Tut”
Solid Gold
2500 lbs
$13 million

25. “NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS
Ramses II (“the Great) – 1279 BC – 1213 BC
ruled 67 years
 children
tremendous builder (Abu Simbel)
consumed with his “legacy” (Master of Political Spin)
-Battle of Kadesh (political spin)
>v. Hittites (iron / 3 man chariots)
>Official version – TIE
>Ramses version – RAMSES WON
-had monuments built inscribed
with him winning
-no contrary sources
after death, gradual decline of New Kingdom
overextended, revolts, immorality/corruption

26. EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS
Medicine – Mummification
Irrigation
Calendar
Astrology – est. a form of “Poor Man’s Almanac”
Pyramids (Mathematics)
Hieroglyphics (wrote on Papyrus)

27. 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”
24 “letters” phonetic symbols

28. Jean Francois Champollion
Rosetta Stone

29. Egyptian Math What number is this? 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000
1,000,000
What number is this?

30. EGYPTIAN SOCIETY LIFE EXPECTANCY MARRIAGE EDUCATION BEAUTY FOOD
>living past 40 was rewarded by government
MARRIAGE
>similar to our concept of marriage
>kids died w/in 1st year (IMR = 60-70%)
>children seen as a blessing if lived past 1 yr
EDUCATION
>boys from wealthy families from ages 12-16
>poor families followed job of dad
>girls focused on home/family
BEAUTY
>loved the body
>facial hair = unclean
>”perfume cones”
FOOD
>fish, beer, bread, honey, peas, beans, onions,
lettuce/cabbage, turnips, figs, grapes
>little/to no beef – geography made it difficult