2. Bell Ringer On your response board, write out the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration. Be sure to use the formula for a simple carbohydrate, not glucose.

3. Rewind: Did I fully understand what we learned up to this point? What begins the process of cellular respiration in ALL living things? ___________ When cells do NOT have oxygen available they enter what pathway? ___________ When cells DO HAVE oxygen available they enter what pathway?_____________ Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic respiration

4. Caution: We have discussed “focusing” before in class…. It is to your advantage to take your time on the next 19 slides and be careful to “digest” or fully understand what you are learning. Take a moment to discuss with a lab partner to make sure you both understand before moving on! We have discussed “focusing” before in class…. It is to your advantage to take your time on the next 19 slides and be careful to “digest” or fully understand what you are learning. Take a moment to discuss with a lab partner to make sure you both understand before moving on!

5. Aerobic Respiration (not "breathing" respiration, but rather how a cell uses oxygen to break down glucose or food for energy) (not "breathing" respiration, but rather how a cell uses oxygen to break down glucose or food for energy) Involves a cell using oxygen molecules to break down food to release energy. Involves a cell using oxygen molecules to break down food to release energy. For Prokaryotes, takes place in cytosol For Prokaryotes, takes place in cytosol For Eukaryotes, takes place in mitochondrial matrix, which contains coenzyme A to catalyze the following reactions: For Eukaryotes, takes place in mitochondrial matrix, which contains coenzyme A to catalyze the following reactions:

6. Mitochondria Do you see the difference between inner mitochondria membranes (called the cristae) and the fluid or matrix? Label both of these on the mitochondria at the bottom of the note sheet now!

7. The Kreb’s Cycle: (Also Known as the Citric Acid Cycle) A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvate into Carbon dioxide and Water. A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvate into Carbon dioxide and Water.

8. Step 1 Pyruvate releases a CO 2 molecule to form a two carbon compound. Pyruvate releases a CO 2 molecule to form a two carbon compound. Circle pyruvate and the carbon dioxide being released on the diagram at the bottom of the note sheet now Circle pyruvate and the carbon dioxide being released on the diagram at the bottom of the note sheet now

9. Step 2 An enzyme attaches this 2 carbon compound to a (4-C) compound making a 6 carbon compound called Citric Acid. An enzyme attaches this 2 carbon compound to a (4-C) compound making a 6 carbon compound called Citric Acid. Circle citric acid on the diagram now Circle citric acid on the diagram now

10. Step 3 This 6 carbon compound releases another CO 2. Each time this happens, energy is released forming an electron carrier NADH. This 6 carbon compound releases another CO 2. Each time this happens, energy is released forming an electron carrier NADH. Circle all 3 of the carbon dioxides being released on the diagram now Circle all 3 of the carbon dioxides being released on the diagram now

11. Step 4 The remaining 4 carbon compound is converted to the 4 carbon compound that began the cycle when 1 ATP is formed along with FADH 2 and NADH (electron carriers which WILL BE USED in a final phase of respiration.) The remaining 4 carbon compound is converted to the 4 carbon compound that began the cycle when 1 ATP is formed along with FADH 2 and NADH (electron carriers which WILL BE USED in a final phase of respiration.) Circle this 4 carbon compound that keeps the Kreb’s cycle operating as a “cycle” on the diagram now Circle this 4 carbon compound that keeps the Kreb’s cycle operating as a “cycle” on the diagram now

12. For each turn of the Kreb’s cycle 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 are formed. For each turn of the Kreb’s cycle 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 are formed. For every glucose molecule, ___ pyruvic acid molecules were formed during glycolysis. So, for every glucose molecule, the Kreb's cycle will turn ______ times thus producing ______ ATP's. For every glucose molecule, ___ pyruvic acid molecules were formed during glycolysis. So, for every glucose molecule, the Kreb's cycle will turn ______ times thus producing ______ ATP's. Review this on the diagram at the bottom of the page now! Review this on the diagram at the bottom of the page now! Conclusion Conclusion: 2 2 2

13. Electron Transport The second stage of aerobic respiration where most of the energy transfer from glucose to ATP actually occurs. The second stage of aerobic respiration where most of the energy transfer from glucose to ATP actually occurs. Takes place in the inner mitochondrial organelle membranes Takes place in the inner mitochondrial organelle membranes Electrons pass through a series of molecules called the electron transport chain. Electrons pass through a series of molecules called the electron transport chain.

14. Summary Picture Page 213

15. Phase 1 every time a Hydrogen atom is released, high energy electrons enter a transport chain in the mitochondrial membranes similar to the transport chain in the thylakoid membranes. every time a Hydrogen atom is released, high energy electrons enter a transport chain in the mitochondrial membranes similar to the transport chain in the thylakoid membranes. Circle moving electrons in the picture now.

16. Phase 2 as these moving e- lose energy, a concentration gradient of protons builds up across the inner mitochondrial membrane. as these moving e- lose energy, a concentration gradient of protons builds up across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Circle the protons that build up INSIDE the mitochondria membrane

17. Phase 3 this concentration gradient of protons (H+) drives the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis this concentration gradient of protons (H+) drives the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis (a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP) (a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP) Circle the ADP becoming ATP now

18. Phase 4 Where do these moving e- end up? As the protons move into the mitochondrial matrix, and the electrons move out of the transport chain... they combine with Oxygen (the final electron acceptor) to form water: (that’s why we call this Aerobic respiration!) Where do these moving e- end up? As the protons move into the mitochondrial matrix, and the electrons move out of the transport chain... they combine with Oxygen (the final electron acceptor) to form water: (that’s why we call this Aerobic respiration!) O 2 + 4 e- + 4 H+  2 H 2 0 O 2 + 4 e- + 4 H+  2 H 2 0

19. Energy Produced: For every glucose molecule, glycolysis produces 2 ATP. The Kreb's cycle produces 2 ATP, and the electron transport chain produces 34 ATP. For every glucose molecule, glycolysis produces 2 ATP. The Kreb's cycle produces 2 ATP, and the electron transport chain produces 34 ATP. That gives a total of ____ATP when ____________ is available to the cell during aerobic respiration. That gives a total of ____ATP when ____________ is available to the cell during aerobic respiration.

20. Summary Rewind: Did I fully understand what we just learned? Do you see the “biochemical pathway” that exists between the two processes we have covered in chapter 9 in the diagram below?

22. Summary Rewind: Did I fully understand what we just learned? You WILL have to write the following equation on the next test: C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2  6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy The equation looks opposite the photosynthesis equation but it is NOT an actual reversal since it occurs in different places in the cell and through different biochemical pathways. Which pathways are more efficient at producing energy from glucose: anaerobic or aerobic?

23. Homework: Return your laptop to the correct slot now Return your laptop to the correct slot now Complete the “Electron Transport in the Mitochondria” coloring page & questions now. Complete the “Electron Transport in the Mitochondria” coloring page & questions now.