1. Medieval Learning & Art Refer to Pages 233- 241

2. Factors for the Revival of Learning  Favorable political and economic conditions  Europe ’ s contact with the Byzantine and Arab civilizations (post-Crusades era) Preservation of Greek & Roman texts in Arab libraries Laws of Justinian Works of Aristotle  Need for education in towns/guilds

3. The University  Organizations of instructors Guilds: universitas  Commitment to instructor

4. Bologna, Italy

5.  Emphasized Law  Supervised by students “ A professor might not be absent without leave, even a single day, and if he desired to leave town he had to make a deposit to ensure his return. If he failed to secure an audience of five for a regular lecture, he was fined as if absent... He was not allowed to skip a character in his commentary, or postpone a difficulty to the end of the hour, and he was obliged to cover ground systematically… (pg. 234)

6. Paris, France

7.  Emphasized Liberal Arts  Supervised by a guild of masters or professors

8. Philosophy & Theology  Scholastic movement Renewed interest in theology and philosophy Relied on Faith and Reason  Attempted to use logic and philosophy to explain or harmonize the church ’ s teachings with new knowledge that was being gained through the sciences

9. Anselm  Lived from 1033 to 1109  Archbishop of Canterbury  Believed faith is essential to proper understanding/proving the existence of God “ I do not try, Lord, to attain Your lofty heights, because my understanding is in no way equal to it. But I do desire to understand Your truth a little, that truth that my heart believes and loves. For I do not seek to understand so that I may believe; but I believe so that I may understand. For I believe this also, that ‘ unless I believe, I shall not understand. ’” (Pg. 235)

10. Peter Abelard  “ By doubting we arrive at inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth. ”  Searched for truth through critical reasoning  Sic et non (Yes and No) Focused on reason and questioning to point out contradictory views and inconsistencies regarding the Church’s articles of faith Many Church leaders saw him as a threat to faith

11. Thomas Aquinas  Believed certain truths could be understood by man and others could only be understood by God.  Summa Theologica: Because faith and reason were both given by God there was no contradiction.  Tried to harmonize the Church’s teachings with Aristotle

12. Medieval Science  Thinkers placed little emphasis on the current world  Faith and reason = only sure source of knowledge  Observation and experimentation (scientific method) was secondary Magic and superstition  Encyclopedias Unchallenged collections of recorded knowledge

13. Roger Bacon  Advocated observation and experimentation  Recognized the dangers of adhering only to traditional views  Predicted the invention of: Powered ships Powered cars Aircraft Nuclear physics

14. Language and Literature  Latin was primary language of the learned  Vernacular literature: English Beowulf French Song of Roland Spanish El Cid  Troubadours

15. Dante Alighieri  Divine Comedy  Dante takes a journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven  Reflected his and popular politics, social order, and religious beliefs  Popularized medieval cosmology Affected today ’ s Christian cosmology

17. Geoffrey Chaucer  English poet; The Canterbury Tales  Pilgrims ’ stories journeying to shrine of Thomas a Becket  Critiques Church and English culture and customs

18. Art and Architecture  Primarily religious - Visual teaching  Cathedrals: “Heaven on Earth”

19. Art and Architecture  Romanesque Modified Roman basilicas Thick walls, stone vaults, rounded arches, heavy columns, small doors/windows Dark & gloomy  Gothic High ceilings, thinner walls, larger windows/doors Light, airy, delicate, “heavenly” Stained glass windows