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Review: Psychomotor Assessments Process (how to) vs Product (outcome) Value of reliability/validity Rater errors Halo Effect: bias “Standard” Error: different.

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Presentation on theme: "Review: Psychomotor Assessments Process (how to) vs Product (outcome) Value of reliability/validity Rater errors Halo Effect: bias “Standard” Error: different."— Presentation transcript:

1 Review: Psychomotor Assessments Process (how to) vs Product (outcome) Value of reliability/validity Rater errors Halo Effect: bias “Standard” Error: different judges’ perspectives Central-tendency: extremes Ability: general, innate trait (overarm throw) Skill: specific, learned capacity (vb spike)

2 Develop well-constructed rating scales: State objectives in terms of observable behavior Select traits that determine success Define selected traits in observable behavior Select and develop the rating instrument Define degrees of success Test and revise the rating scale Use the scale in an actual testing situation

3 Physical Fitness and Activity Assessment in Youth HPER 3150 Dr. Ayers

4 Physical Activity and Learning Thomas Jefferson “Exercise and recreation... are as necessary as reading. I will rather say more necessary, because health is worth more than learning.” So what? Role of PA/PE in schools/life?

5 Children are not “little adults” Child’s score on aerobic fitness test does not predict endurance activity performance What DOES matter is the development of lifelong, regular PA patterns Relationship Between Physical Activity and Fitness

6 Skill-Related Fitness aka abilities Health-Related Fitness Agility Coordination Reaction time Balance Speed Power Aerobic fitness Muscular strength/endurance Flexibility Body composition

7 National Fitness Studies Dr. Hans Kraus study (1954) : 42% of American children passed the assessment, while 92% of European school children passed the assessment President Eisenhower was shocked and established the President’s Council on Youth Fitness (1956)

8 Contemporary Relevance Overweight Soldiers http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1637795/obesity_in_the_militar y_on_the_rise/ http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1637795/obesity_in_the_militar y_on_the_rise/ Friendly Obesity http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20101104/hl_nm/us_obesity_usa;_ylt=Ald QWIQxwLqtnmkYM47bYqLVJRIF;_ylu=X3oDMTJrbWNhY3Q4BGF zc2V0A25tLzIwMTAxMTA0L3VzX29iZXNpdHlfdXNhBHBvcwMxM wRzZWMDeW5fYXJ0aWNsZV9zdW1tYXJ5X2xpc3QEc2xrA29iZXN pdHlyYXRlcw--

9 Are American Children and Youth Fit? Passing Rates on Youth Fitness Tests Strong et al. (2005)

10 AMA quotes “Inadequate physical education programs must be strengthened....” “There is need.... to widen physical education offerings.... which contribute to.... well- being” “Every pupil should.... [be exposed] to physical education which promotes understanding of the significance of physical education in maintaining health.” 1967

11 Secretary of Health and Human Services “Schools and universities need to reintroduce daily, quality physical activity as a key component of a comprehensive education.” 1996

12 Publication of Physical Activity Health A Report of the Surgeon General

13 Full Report - 278 Pages Executive Summary Executive Summary

14 % Young People Reporting NO Vigorous or Moderate Activity During Any of the Past 7 Days Age U.S. Surgeon General’s Report, 1996 %

15 Healthy People 2010 Shape of the Nation 2010 F as in Fat Report 2008 Other Prominent National Reports

16 Figure 12.2 Physical activity in grades 9 through 12 in the United States Grunbaum et al., MMWR, May 21, 2003

17 Percentage of High School Students Who Attended Physical Education Classes Daily* National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2007 * 5 days in an average week when they were in school. 1 Decreased 1991-1995, no change 1995-2007, p <.05

18 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/201 003_07.pdf Proportion of Adults Engaging in Regular Physical Activity Heyman KM, Barnes PM, Schiller JS. Early release of selected estimates based on data from the January-September 2009 National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. March 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. [A series of Internet-only reports released approximately quarterly beginning in April 2001.]

19 Why PA Decreases Over Time  Lack of time  Too competitive  Not fun anymore

20 Percent Overweight or Obese Girls Vincent, Pangrazi et al., MSSE, 2003

21 Percent Overweight or Obese Boys Vincent, Pangrazi et al., MSSE, 2003

22 Percent Obese Adults 20 + years DATA SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 1997-September 2009, Sample Adult Core component. Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian non-institutionalized population. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/201 003_06.pdf Obesity among U.S. adults 20 + years has generally increased from 19.4% in 1997 to 27.9% for the period January through September 2009

23 Norm- Versus Criterion-Referenced Standards Norm-Referenced Standards (original PPFT) Compare students to their peers Criterion-Referenced Standards (Fitnessgram) Compare students to a health criterion

24 So What? Find a friend and share: 1) What is one thing you learned today? 2) What did you hear or see today that confirmed or refuted your previous knowledge?

25 Review: Youth Fitness I Relationship of fitness/activity to life Two types of fitness Health-relatedSkill-related Relationship between age and physical activity Reasons for decreasing PA with age Norm- & Criterion-referenced standards

26 Youth Fitness Testing Batteries FITNESSGRAM: http://www.fitnessgram.net/home/http://www.fitnessgram.net/home/ The President's Challenge: www.fitness.gov www.fitness.gov Eurofit

27 FITNESSGRAM PACER Skinfolds* Curl-Up Trunk Lift Push-Ups

28 Printed with permission from the Cooper Institute, Dallas, Texas.

29 President’s Challenge Physical Fitness Test Items curl-ups or partial curl-ups shuttle run endurance run/walk pull-ups or flexed arm hang V-sit Health Fitness Test partial curl-ups one-mile run/walk v-sit (or sit and reach) right angle push-ups (or pull-ups) Body Mass Index

30 Physical activity is a __________ Fill in the Blank that leads to the product, _______________________

31 Enhancing Reliable and Valid Fitness Test Results with Children Attain adequate knowledge of test descriptions Give proper demonstrations and instructions Develop good student and teacher preparation through adequate practice trials Conduct reliability studies

32 Special Children Brockport Physical Fitness Test Items See Table 12-12

33 Measuring Physical Activity in Youth Physical activity improves the overall health of children Physically inactive children tend to become inactive adults with higher risks for chronic diseases Physically active children tend to become active adults with lower risks for chronic diseases

34 Accelerometers

35 Pedometers

36 ACTIVITYGRAM Physical Activity Questions Based on the CDC’s Youth Risk Factor Behavior Survey Aerobic Activity Question: On how many of the past 7 days did you participate in physical activity for a total of 30-60 minutes, or more, over the course of a day? This includes moderate activities (walking, slow bicycling, or outdoor play) as well as vigorous activities (jogging, active games or active sports such as basketball, tennis or soccer) (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 days) Strength Activity Question: On how many of the past 7 days did you do exercises to strengthen or tone your muscles? This includes exercises such as push-ups, sit-ups or weight lifting. (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 days) Flexibility Activity Question: On how many of the past 7 days did you do stretching exercises to loosen up or relax your muscles? This includes exercises such as toe touches, knee bending, or leg stretching. (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 days)

37 Figure 12.10 ACTIVITYGRAM logging chart

38 Printed with permission from the Cooper Institute, Dallas, Texas.

39

40 Tell a friend one thing you learned TODAY that you will use as a professional


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