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The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Limbs (appendages) – arms & legs Pectoral girdle (shoulders) Pelvic girdle (hips)
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Slide 5.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20a, b
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of 2 bones: clavicle & scapula Clavicle (collarbone) attaches to sternum & to the scapula keeps shoulder from dislocating and the arm from flopping forward onto chest Scapula (shoulder blade) Only attaches to the axial skeleton at the clavicle, so allows lots of movement Drawbacks: clavicle breaks; scapula dislocates
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Slide 5.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20c, d
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The Scapula Scapula Has 3 important landmarks or areas: acromion process, coracoid process & glenoid cavity Acromion process – where clavicle connects Coracoid process – forms top of shoulders & gives arm muscles a place to attach Glenoid cavity – shallow socket where humerus fits (ball & joint)
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Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humerus = upper arm Round at the top for shoulder joint 2 depressions at lower end to allow ulna to move freely Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The forearm has two bones: ulna & radius Radius is on thumb side Ulan & radius touch at top & bottom (radioulnar joints) & are joined in the middle by interosseous membrane Radius allows arm to rotate Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The hand: Carpals – wrist, 8 bones – 2 rows of 4 Metacarpals – palm; 5 total, #1 = thumb Phalanges – fingers; 14 total (3 per finger except the thumb) Figure 5.22
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Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a
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Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Slide 5.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23b
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of 2 hip bones (coxal bones) Does not include the sacrum & coccyx Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium – large upper part, most of the hip bone Ischium – lower back part, what you sit on Pubic bone – lower front part All 3 are heavy bones with deep sockets & lots of ligament Attaches to the axial skeleton & entire weight of body rests on the pelvis
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 main functions Bear weight is the main function Second function is to protects several organ Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Several differences between male & female pelvic girdles so can easily tell gender on a skeleton One big difference is the size of the interior cavity since women give birth
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40a Carry our entire weight when erect, so large & thick compared to arms Femur - thigh bone Only bone in the thigh Lower leg Tibia & fibula Figure 5.35a, b
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Femur Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The largest and strongest bone in the body The top has a large head (to fit into pelvis), a neck and the greater & lesser trochanters (for muscle attachment) The neck is a common fracture site, especially in older people Femur slants medially or toward the inside as it goes down toward the knee – more pronounced in women Two condyles or bumps at the distal end of femur to rest on the tibia below Big groove between the condyles where the patella moves back and forth with movement
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Bones of the Lower Leg Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The leg has two bones: tibia & fibula Very similar to ulna and radius Tibia (shinbone) is bigger & medial – upper end is where patella attaches; lower end forms ankle Figure 5.35c
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Bones of the Foot Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three parts like the hand Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes 2 jobs: support weight & act as a lever to help us move forward Figure 5.25
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Arches of the Foot Slide 5.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches Two longitudinal One transverse Allows flexibility and springiness Figure 5.26
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