1. Where are they?

2. Plants and Algae in the Rocky Shores
Algae – sub-littoral zone
Lichens – splash zone and upper part of the littoral zone
Flowering plants – back of the shore

3. Adaptation of Algae Dehydration
– protected by a film of mucilage on the surface
Strong wave
– thallus modified into holdfast to hold onto substratum
– flexible joints that allow them to bend
– secrete calcium carbonate to make themselves tough

4. Brown algae
Coralline algae
Ulva

5. Lichens
It usually found on bare rock surfaces and tree trunks surfaces
It consist of a mutualistic association of an alga and a fungus
Extremely sensitive to air pollution!

7. Halophytic adaptations of Flowering plants
The soil water is quite salty and water absorption by root is relatively difficult.

8. Adaptations
the cell sap accumulates a relatively high concentration of salts to facilitate water absorption
store water for future use
Scaevola

9. Adaptations
the leaves are usually protected by a thick cuticle and the stomata are usually sunken
have modified leaves to minimize the surface area exposed to air

10. Elephant’s ear
Horsetail Tree
Marine grass